There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010

This century has witnessed remarkable achievements in green technology in material science through the development of natural fiber reinforced composites. The development of high-performance engineering products made from natural resources is increasing worldwide day by day. There is increasing interest in materials demonstrating efficient use of renewable resources. Nowadays, more than ever, companies are faced with opportunities and choices in material innovations. Due to the challenges of petroleum-based products and the need to find renewable solutions, more and more companies are looking at natural fiber composite materials. The primary driving forces for new bio-composite materials are the cost of natural fibers (currently priced at one-third of the cost of glass fiber or less), weight reduction (these fibers are half the weight of glass fiber), recycling (natural fiber composites are easier to recycle) and the desire for green products. This Review provides an overview of natural fiber reinfocred composites focusing on natural fiber types and sources, processing methods, modification of fibers, matrices (petrochemical and renewable), and their mechanical performance. It also focuses on future research, recent developments and applications and concludes with key issues that need to be resolved. This article critically summarizes the essential findings of the mostly readily utilized reinforced natural fibers in polymeric composite materials and their performance from 2000 to 2013.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/mame.201300008

Progress Report on Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites

Fibre-reinforced composites are rapidly gaining market share in structural applications, but further growth is limited by their lack of toughness. Fibre hybridisation is a promising strategy to toughen composite materials. By combining two or more fibre types, these hybrid composites offer a better balance in mechanical properties than non-hybrid composites. Predicting their mechanical properties is challenging due to the synergistic effects between both fibres. This review aims to explain basic mechanisms of these hybrid effects and describes the state-of-the-art models to predict them. An overview of the tensile, flexural, impact and fatigue properties of hybrid composites is presented to aid in optimal design of hybrid composites. Finally, some current trends in fibre hybridisation, such as pseudo-ductility, are described.

/pdf/fibre-hybridisation-in-polymer-composites-a-review-gcnp0ezsc7.pdf

Fibre hybridisation in polymer composites: a review

The discussion on the application of natural bio hybrid organic–inorganic fillers (crab shell particles) for coating application forms the focus of this work. The utilization of shells of marine organism is growing enormously in view of its mechanical and thermal properties. However, the application of proteinized crab shell particles (CSP) or deproteinized crab shell particles (DCSP) for coating field remains a question mark. Deproteinization is done by removing the organic matrix from the crab shell particles using the deproteinization/depolymerization method. Washburn capillary test, adsorption and hydro-stability of crab shell were conducted for studying the surface property of particles in hydro environment. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed for CSP in contrast to hydrophobic DCSP. Stability test had shown the dissolution of CSP. Thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimeter results have shown the thermal instability of DCSP on the removal of organic matrix from the crab shell particles. Characterization was done extensively using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope.

Discussion on the feasibility of using proteinized/deproteinized crab shell particles for coating applications: Synthesis and characterization

Nickel-Phosphorus/Crab shell particle (NiP/CSP) composite coatings were prepared with different weight dispersions of CSP (0.5 g/l, 1.0 g/l, 1.5 g/l, 2.0 g/l, 2.5 g/l and 3.0 g/l) on mild steel using electroless coating process. Fabricated coatings were post treated with heat treatment and Nd:YAG laser treatment process and followed by a comparative study on surface morphology, surface hardness, phase structure, and friction-wear property with as-plated NiP and NiP/CSP composite coatings. The result showed the relative changes in the surface morphology of NiP/CSP composite coatings after Nd:YAG laser treatment. Dendrite structure was observed for laser treated coatings and its formation was affected by the incorporation of CSP in the NiP matrix. FeNi2P phase was formed for laser treated coatings in addition to the Ni3P and Ni12P5 phases. Higher surface hardness of 966 Hv0.05 and 941 Hv0.05 was achieved for laser treated NiP and NiP/CSP composite coatings compared to the heat treatment process and as-plated condition. On comparison with various weight dispersions, higher surface hardness of 941 Hv0.05 was obtained for NiP/CSP (2.5 g/l) composite coatings as a result of the high diffusion of Fe element from substrate to the surface. Low friction coefficient was seen for the heat treatment process followed by the as-plated and laser treatment process. The formation of FeNi2P phase caused an increase in the friction coefficient for laser treated NiP and NiP/CSP composite coatings. However, there was an improvement in the wear resistance of laser treated coatings compared to the as-plated and heat treated coatings.

Comparative study on the friction-wear property of As-plated, Nd-YAG laser treated, and heat treated electroless Nickel-Phosphorus/Crab shell particle composite coatings on mild steel

Fabrication of Gd2O3 nanofibers by electrospinning technique using PVA as a structure directing template

In this work, tribological behaviors of the plasma nitrided AISI 316 LN type austenitic stainless steel specimens (both pins and rings) have been analyzed. The experiments have been conducted in high vacuum and in air atmosphere using Vacuum based high temperature Pin-on-disc tribometer. The tribological parameters such as friction coefficient and wear resistance have been analyzed by Origin graphs. The wear mechanisms involved have been identified by recording surface morphology on the wear track and pin surface through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Optical profilometer. The self mating of AISI 316 LN type stainless steel (316LN) exhibits strong adhesion between the contact surfaces and severe surface damage both in air and in vacuum atmosphere. But, the self mating of Plasma Nitrided 316LN (CrN/CrN) reveals mild wear till the CrN coating peeled off from the pin surface. It has also been proved that Plasma Nitrided (CrN) layer on 316 LN ring was wear resistant layer when it is sliding against the untreated 316 LN pin in air and high vacuum atmosphere.

Tribological behaviors of plasma nitrided aisi 316 ln type stainless steel in air and high vacuum atmosphere at room temperature.

https://file.scirp.org/pdf/ENG20120700001_32390626.pdf

A. Elayaperumal

Papers

Discussion on the feasibility of using proteinized/deproteinized crab shell particles for coating applications: Synthesis and characterization

Comparative study on the friction-wear property of As-plated, Nd-YAG laser treated, and heat treated electroless Nickel-Phosphorus/Crab shell particle composite coatings on mild steel

Fabrication of Gd2O3 nanofibers by electrospinning technique using PVA as a structure directing template

Tribological behaviors of plasma nitrided aisi 316 ln type stainless steel in air and high vacuum atmosphere at room temperature.

Simulation Aspects of a Full-Car ATV Model Semi-Active Suspension