wireless sensor networks is one of the most common communication tools used in many areas such as military, environment, health, and commercial applications. The wireless sensor network comprised of huge number of sensor nodes. The sensor nodes communicate by means of many communication strategies. Then, the data exchange is supported by multi-hop communications. Routing protocols are responsible for discovering and maintaining the routes in the network. The correctness of a particular routing protocol mainly depends on the capabilities of the nodes and on the application requirements. This paper presents a analysis of the main routing protocols proposed for wireless sensor networks

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A Survey of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

A disaster is a result from the combination of hazard, vulnerability and insufficient Capacity or measures to reduce the potential chances of risk. Disaster in mining occurs in different ways when poisonous gas leakage such as methane occurs, Due to fire catch-up, Due to blasts, Due to earth quack, roof collapse and flash flood. In this project we are going to incorporate 4 sensors Gas, Light, Temperature and Vibration, for detecting disasters in mining industries. These sensors are put in a single package, and can be carried by each miner. By using wireless communication if any disaster occurs the corresponding sensor will sense the anomaly and sends the information to control station. The MANET topology can be used for communication in order to provide uninterrupted communication.

MANET topology for disaster management using wireless sensor network

During the development of hot dry rock, the research on thermal fatigue damage caused by thermal shock of cold and heat cycles is the basis that ensures the long-term utilization of geothermal resources, but there are not enough relevant studies at present. Based on this, the thermal damage tests of granite at different temperatures (250, 350, 450 °C) and quenching cycles (1, 5, 10, 15 cycles) were carried out. Preliminary reveals the damage mechanism and heat transfer law of the quenching cycle effect on hot dry rock. The results show that with the increase of temperature and cycles, the uneven thermal expansion of minerals and the thermal shock caused by quenching promote the crack development of granite, resulting in the decrease of P-wave velocity, thermal conductivity and uniaxial compressive strength of granite. Meanwhile, the COMSOL was used to simulate the heat transfer of hot dry rock under different heat treatment conditions. It concluded that the increase in the number of quenching cycles reduced the heat transfer capacity of the granite, especially more than 10 quenching cycles, which also reflects that the thermal fatigue damage leads to a longer time for the temperature recovery of the hot dry rock mass. In addition, the three-dimensional nonlinear fitting relationship among thermal conductivity, temperature and cycle number was established for the first time, which can better reveal the change rule of thermal conductivity after quenching thermal fatigue effect of hot dry rock. The research results provide theoretical support for hot dry rock reservoir reconstruction and production efficiency evaluation.

Changes in the thermodynamic properties of alkaline granite after cyclic quenching following high temperature action

In this paper, to obtain a better physical layer security for wireless communications, a directional modulation (DM) using frequency diverse array (FDA) is proposed. Different from the traditional directional modulation that achieves only angle dependent directional modulation, our proposed scheme achieves DM in both angle and range dimensions. The transmitted signal symbols only could be recovered successfully at the desired receiver, while they are distorted to be unrecoverable at the undesired receivers. Therefore, it will increases the security of data transmission to against the eavesdroppers. This FDA-based DM scheme can be potentially applied in the point-to-point security communications and the effectiveness is validated by numerical results.

Directional Modulation Using Frequency Diverse Array For Secure Communications

Pine needles lignocellulosic ethylene scavenging paper impregnated with nanozeolite for active packaging applications

Crystalline rocks are the best-suited rock type for the nuclear waste repository. A deeper understanding of the thermomechanical stability of rocks plays a crucial role in the selection of suitable host rock for this purpose. To investigate the feasibility of different types of Jalore granitoid rocks (red, pink, golden, and white granites) in this application. The main objective of this study is devoted to damage characteristics when selecting the potential rock, while little work has been done in the field of rock mechanical behaviors in particular nuclear waste disposal. Where rock needs to stable after undergoing increases in the number of the thermal cycle in the treatment if a below damage threshold temperature is applied as in this study (i.e., 250 °C). The rock specimens were heated till 250 °C for 12 h, with constant heating rate 5 °C/min and constant cooling rate 0.364 °C/min, up to nine cycles. In this paper, the stress–strain curve under tension (Brazilian disc test) was plotted for Jalore granitoid rocks after different thermal cycle treatment. Using Lemaitre’s strain equivalent principle along with statistics and damage theory, a model for damage caused due to thermal cycles under indirect tension condition is established. We have also measured the microscopic observation (thin section), mineral characterization (XRD), and surface morphology (SEM) of different thermal cycles treated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DT) have also been used to identify the changes in thermal and kinetic behaviors. It is found that the increase of the thermal cycle leads to an accumulation in strains and a reduction in the P-wave velocity and rock strength. We have found that the thermal damage incurred on the rock, in the form of mass loss and P-wave velocity decrease, due to thermal cracks and nonuniform expansion of grains along the grain boundary were developed on the surface. Increasing thermal cycles lead to a reduction in tensile strength and elastic modulus. Fracturing within the rock is more severe, as compared to three cycles, after being subjected to five thermal cycles. It is interesting to note that beyond five cycles of thermal treatment, the thermal damage and stability of the granitoid have remained mostly unchanged.

Damage Characteristics of Jalore Granitic Rocks After Thermal Cycling Effect for Nuclear Waste Repository

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Starch Isolation from Different Cereals with Variable Amylose/Amylopectin Ratio and Its Morphological Study Using SEM and FT-IR

Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of thousands of tiny sensor nodes having the capability of wireless communication, limited computation and sensing. These networks are vulnerable to internal and external attacks due to the lack of tamper-resistant packaging and the insecure nature of wireless communication channels. Since most of the existing routing protocols are application specific and hence do not satisfy the security constraints of wireless sensor networks. Whenever any device comes within the frequency range can get the access to the transmitting data and may affect the transmission. In this paper, we simulated the concept of frequency hopping and proved it a better approach to provide security in WSN..

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Security in Wireless Sensor Networks using Frequency Hopping

http://tudr.thapar.edu:8080/jspui/bitstream/10266/785/1/final%20reportgaurav.pdf

A. K. Verma

Papers

Damage Characteristics of Jalore Granitic Rocks After Thermal Cycling Effect for Nuclear Waste Repository

Starch Isolation from Different Cereals with Variable Amylose/Amylopectin Ratio and Its Morphological Study Using SEM and FT-IR

Security in Wireless Sensor Networks using Frequency Hopping

Routing in wireless sensor networks

Utilization of Pine Needles for Development of Biobased Packaging Material