The Agricultural Systems of the World: An Evolutionary Approach

The study was carried out in agronomy farm of Paklihawa Campus, IAAS, Rupandehi, Nepal. The objective of the study was to determine the response of rice as influenced by different combination of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources. The study consists of three nitrogen sources i.e. urea, farmyard manure and blue green algae at various levels comprising seven treatments in randomized complete block design with three replications. Rice seedling were raised in wet nursery bed and transplanted in experimental plots. Growth parameters, yield attributing traits and grain yield of rice were recorded. Result indicates that treatment combination of 75% of recommended dose of nitrogen (90 kg ha-1), farmyard manure (5 tons ha-1) and blue green algae (9 kg ha-1) contributes to higher plant height (96.13 cm), effective tiller per square meter (345.6), filled grain per panicle (180.9), grain yield (4.787 tons ha-1), and straw yield (9.07 ton ha-1) (p < 0.05). Also, there was a positive correlation between the grain yield and effective tillers per square meter (R2=0.254), grain yield and number of filled grains per panicle (R2=0.315). Hence, 75% of recommended dose of nitrogen (90 kg ha-1), farmyard manure (5 tons ha-1) and blue green algae (9 kg ha-1) were found to improve plant characteristics thus improving rice yield.

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Growth Parameter and Yield Attributes of Rice ( Oryza Sativa ) as Influenced by Different Combination of Nitrogen Sources

Appropriate irrigation scheduling, along with proper nutrient management practice for direct seeded rice (DSR), are very much essential to attain higher water use efficiency. Huge amounts of municipal waste are been produced every year and these wastes are left untreated and have caused many environmental hazards. However, these wastes can be converted into potential manures for crop production when enhanced with microbial consortia. Concerning these, the current research was carried out to know the effect of compost of enriched municipal soil waste (E-MSWC) with suitable irrigation scheduling on growth, yield, microbial activity, and water use efficiency of the DSR grown under Indo-Gangetic plains during two consecutive rice seasons of 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 at Varanasi, India. From the experiment, it was found that E-MSWC applied at 10 Mg·ha−1 along with 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) was capable to improve growth, yield, soil microbes, and water use efficiency (WUE) of rice. Amongst different enriched MSWC, the consortia (blend of N-fixing, P and Zn-solubilizing bacteria and Trichoderma) enriched MSWC was found to be the most effective. Concerning, different irrigation scheduling, it was observed that 50 mm cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) based irrigation was the most suitable as compared to providing irrigation at 75 mm CPE. Comparing rice varieties used in the research, the rice variety Swarna has appeared as a better choice in terms of yield and WUE than the variety, Sahbhagi. Thus, it can be recommended that irrigation at 50 mm of CPE in conjunction with 75% RDF + E-MSWC (consortia) at 10 Mg·ha−1 could improve the water use efficiency of rice grown in Indo-Gangetic plains.

The Use of Municipal Solid Waste Compost in Combination with Proper Irrigation Scheduling Influences the Productivity, Microbial Activity and Water Use Efficiency of Direct Seeded Rice

The IGPs is a relatively homogenous ecological region in terms of vegetation with nearly 13 % of the total geographical area of India and it produces about 50 % of the total food grain to feed 49 % of population of India (Pal et al., 2009). In the western part of IGPs wheat is the dominating crop; while rice dominates eastern region. The IGPs are spread from 670 to 960 E longitudes and from 200 to 330N latitude. Indian portion of IGPs extends from 21031’ to 32020’ N and 73016’ to 89052’E and is spread over the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Bihar and West Bengal as well as small part of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan (Ali et al., 2000). It extends from Assam and Bay of Bengal on the east to the Afghan border and Arabian Sea in west and Viable Options for Diversification of Rice in Non-conventional Rice–conventional Wheat Cropping System in Indo-Gangetic Plains

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Viable options for diversification of rice in non-conventional rice-conventional wheat cropping system in indo-gangetic plains.

EFFECT OF DATE OF SOWING AND LEAF MULCHING ON MUNG BEAN UNDER CUSTARD APPLE (Annona squamosa L.) BASED AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM

A field experiment was conducted during the 2 rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons (2012–14) on sandyclay-loam soil at Varanasi, to study the effect of crop-establishment methods and integrated nitrogen management on productivity of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, comprising crop-establishment methods (normal transplanting and system of rice intensification) and 2 hybrids (‘PHB 71’ and ‘Arize 6444’) in combination as main plot and 6 integrated nitrogen-management practices [100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 125% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), 50% RDN + 50% N through farmyard manure (FYM), 50% RDN + 50% N through FYM + Azospirillum, 100% N through FYM and No fertilizer)] as subplot treatments, replicated thrice. System of rice intensification (SRI) improved the growth attributes, viz. plant height, number of tillers, dry-matter accumulation, and increased the grain yield by 14.7% over normal transplanting (5.69 t/ha) and recorded significantly higher net monetary returns and output: input ratio over normal transplanting. Rice hybrid, ‘Arize 6444’ showed significantly higher growth attributes, grain yield, economic return/day and net return with output: input ratio. Integrated N management with 50% RDN + 50% N through FYM + Azospirillum resulted in high growth, yield, crop productivity, return/day and net returns. However output: input ratio were recorded higher with 125% RDN followed by 100% RDN. Residual effect of preceding experimental variables particularly normal transplanting, hybrid ‘PHB 71’ and application of 50% RDN + 50% N through FYM + Azospirillum recorded the highest number of effective tillers, grains/ear 1, 000-seed weight and grain and straw yield of succeeding wheat.

Effect of crop-establishment methods and integrated nitrogen management on productivity of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system

The field studies were conducted during 2012 and 2013 at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. The experiments were undertaken on two rice hybrids cultivated under two different establishment techniques with integrated nitrogen management to evaluate the growth dynamics, production potential and nutrient removal of rice. Results revealed that the system of rice intensification (SRI) and rice cv. Arize-6444 recorded significantly higher growth attributes viz., number of tillers hill-1, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate and relative growth rate with almost yield attributes and yield with nutrient harvest index and total water productivity. The corresponding increment in grain and straw yield of rice under SRI to the tune of 14.66% and 13.12% over normal transplanting and rice hybrid Arize 6444 produced 8.63% and 5.32% higher grain and straw yield over PHB 71, respectively. Among the integrated nitrogen management practices, the application of 50% RDN+50% N through FYM+Azospirillum recorded significantly higher growth attributes, grain yield (6942 kg ha-1), protein content (7.80%), nutrient content, protein yield (542 kg ha-1) total nutrient uptake, total water productivity (5.90 kg/ha-mm) and nutrient harvest index of rice. The study concluded that the conjunctive application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure with biofertilizer to rice hybrid ‘Arize-6444’ cultivation under SRI method for realizing higher yield of rice in eastern Uttar Pradesh.

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Integrated Nitrogen Management Influences the Yield Performance of Rice under Different Methods of Cultivation

The field study was undertaken during rainy season of 2012 and 2013 to evaluate the rice cultivars and weed management effects on weeds growth and yield of direct-seeded rice (DSR) cultivars. The associated weed flora include Echinochloa colona, Echinocloa crus-galli, Cynodon dactylon as grasses; Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria as sedges; Caesulia auxillaries and Eclipta alba as broadleaved weeds. Bispyribac-sodium + azimsulfuron (25 + 35 g/ha) + 0.25% NIS as post-emergence at 15-20 DAS was found to be most effective in minimizing weed density, biomass and in enhancing the weed control efficiency 40.9% and 38.0% during 2012 and 2013 at 60 DAS, respectively. The maximum rice grain, straw and biological yield was found with application of bispyribac + azimsulfuron (25 g + 35 g/ha) + 0.25% NIS as post-emergence at 15-20 DAS and was significantly superior over rest of the treatments during both the years of study.

Weed dynamics and production potential of direct-seeded rice cultivars as influenced by weed management

Orphan legumes: harnessing their potential for food, nutritional and health security through genetic approaches

Weeds pose as biggest threat to crop production accounting about 43% yield loss globally. Unchecked human activities such as over-expanded use of fossil fuels and deforestation have resulted in climate change which further worsens the present situation by impacting both crop and weed. Predicted alteration in atmospheric CO2, temperature and frequent extreme events (e.g., droughts and floods) owing to climate change will reduce crop yields by affecting plant growth as well as pest pressure (weed, insect pest and pathogens) and their invasiveness, thus threatening global food security. CO2 fertilization due to rising CO2 level will benefit C3 crops, thus reducing the competitive ability of most of troublesome weeds which are C4 plants. However, weeds are predicted to become more competitive over crops owing its wide genetic diversity, colonising ability and enhanced aggressively of C3 weeds consequently making weed management in field situations costlier and more difficult. Change in environmental factors like temperature, atmospheric humidity, elevated CO2 and soil moisture can manipulate efficacy of various weed control measures like mechanical weed control, herbicides and bio-control agents. Extensive research and evaluation of new herbicides, higher chemical concentrations and new bio-control agents will be required for managing weeds under this scenario. Adoption of ecological approaches (crop rotation, intercropping, live mulching, early planting of crops, nutrient management, selection of suitable crop varieties), improved tillage practices, genetic improvement of crops (breeding allelopathic crops cultivars and drought- and stress resistant varieties) may enable to reduce weed problem. Holistic weed management will be the need of the hour for tackling weed menace in this context.

https://www.chemijournal.com/archives/2019/vol7issue3/PartBV/7-3-421-304.pdf

A. L. Jat

Papers

Effect of crop-establishment methods and integrated nitrogen management on productivity of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system

Integrated Nitrogen Management Influences the Yield Performance of Rice under Different Methods of Cultivation

Weed dynamics and production potential of direct-seeded rice cultivars as influenced by weed management

Orphan legumes: harnessing their potential for food, nutritional and health security through genetic approaches

Crop-weed interactions and their management under climate change: A review