Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: A review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis

Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity

Amphetamine (AMPH) was first synthesized in 1887 (2). The sympathomi­ metic and respiratory stimulant effects of AMPH were described in 1933 (3-5) and in 1 935 its stimulant actions were found to be useful in the treatment of narcolepsy (6) . AMPH has been used for the treatment of obesity (7) , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (8) , and occasionally for Parkinson's disease (9) . AMPH causes euphoria and stimulation in humans , and these effects often lead to its habitual use or abuse. With repeated AMPH use, tolerance to its effects on mood often develops and the dose is escalated (7, 10). Large doses of AMPH can induce a psychotic state resembling paranoid schizophrenia (11-13). The effects of AMPH in humans have close parallels in animals. At low doses , AMPH increases stereotypic locomotor activity and species-specific stereotypies at higher doses ( 14); AMPH interferes with intake

Amphetamine: effects on catecholamine systems and behavior.

The "2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" increased the focus on methods to ensure that high-quality cardiopulmonary resus...

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: Improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: A consensus statement from the American heart association

Purpose
To review the current literature and generate recommendations on the role of newer technology in the management of the unanticipated difficult airway.

/pdf/the-unanticipated-difficult-airway-with-recommendations-for-1fnpjad04s.pdf

The unanticipated difficult airway with recommendations for management

Failed tracheal intubation

A case of unsuspected acute amphetamine abuse by a 22-year-old girl which led to serious intracranial hypertension during anaesthesia for a neurosurgical procedure is described. It was difficult to maintained anaesthesia with an intermittent positive-pressure ventilation technique using muscle relaxants, N2O and O2 and supplements of fentanyl despite large doses of pancuronium and fentanyl. The differing effects of chronic and acute amphetamine dosage on anaesthetic requirements are reviewed.

https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1979.tb06250.x

Acute amphetamine abuse

Hysteria as a cause of failure to recover consciousness following general anaesthesia is a rare event. This case report describes such an instance in a young, healthy 22-year-old female suffering severe dental phobia who was undergoing dental conservation. The literature is reviewed and a summary of the possible physiological mechanisms involved is given.

Hysteria. A cause of failure to recover after anaesthesia.

The Bain anaesthetic breathing system-a modified Mapleson 'D' circuit10-had been evaluated during anaesthesia using controlled ventilation. Results obtained from over 140 patients show that a highly predictable PaCO2 may be obtained by adjusting the fresh gas inflow according to body weight in patients weighing over 40 kg (mean PaCO2 at a fresh gas inflow of 70 ml/kg/minute=40.8 mmHg; mean PaCO2 at a fresh gas inflow of 100 ml/kg/minute=34.3 mmHg). The circuit is long enough to provide flexibility but may even be doubled in length without affecting performance. Simple lung ventilators delivering air or oxygen may be used satisfactorily as anaesthetic ventilators for patients of all ages. In addition, the circuit is lightweight, disposable but re-usable, facilitates pollution control and is easily used as an independent resuscitator. It is suggested that it may qualify as a universal breathing system.

https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1976.tb11798.x

The Bain anaesthetic system. An assessment during controlled ventilation.

SUMMARY The effects of altering end-expiratory inflation pressure were studied in mechanically ventilated dogs in the normo-, hypo- and hypervolaemic state. The mean fall in cardiac output resulting from an increase in end-expiratory pressure was smaller in the hypervolaemic group than in the other two groups. A positive end-expiratory pressure increased the mean deadspace/tidal volume ratio in all groups. A negative end-expiratory pressure increased venous admixture, particularly in the over-transfused animals, but the increase was not significant in the hypovolaemic group. A negative end-expiratory pressure did not affect deadspace/tidal volume ratio.

A.P. Adams

Papers

Failed tracheal intubation

Acute amphetamine abuse

Hysteria. A cause of failure to recover after anaesthesia.

The Bain anaesthetic system. An assessment during controlled ventilation.

The effects of variations in end-expiratory inflation pressure on cardiorespiratory function in normo-, hypo and hypervolaemic dogs