Flame interaction and tilting behavior of two tandem adjacent hydrocarbon turbulent diffusion flames in crosswind: An experimental quantification and characterization

Fire whirls are a particular case of flame behaviour characterized by a rotating column of fire driven by intense convective heating of air close to the ground. They typically result in a substantial increase in burning rate, temperature, and flame height. Fire whirls can occur in any intense flame environment, including urban areas, particularly within combustible structures, and in wildland or forest fires. Recently, investigations on the creation of fire whirls have attracted much attention. However, most analyses are focused on fire whirl structure, formation, and controlling their unique state. In effect, revisiting the available experimental techniques and numerical simulations used in analyzing fire whirls has received less attention. In this paper, experimental arrangements including empirical set ups and employed fuels are presented in detail. Subsequently, major research progress focused on experimental studies and their laboratory setup is fully discussed, followed by the available numerical simulations, including combustion and turbulence models. Applied methodologies and chosen software in the recent numerical studies are also reviewed exclusively. Finally, the latest findings are featured, and prospective pathways are advised.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Formation and Flame Precession of Fire Whirls: A Review

Experimental study on the flame length and burning behaviors of pool fires with different ullage heights

Temperature distributions of dynamical flames were measured by using a proposed calibration-free wavelength modulated lateral shearing interferometry. A distributed feedback (DFB) laser was modulated in the wavelength as a sawtooth profile. The wrapped flame phase in the images was obtained pixel by pixel by calculating the phase shift between the interference light intensity profiles before and after flame ignition. Phase unwrapping and recovery were adopted to solve the flame phase distribution. The refractive index distribution was reconstructed with the help of inverse Abel transform. The temperature imaging was further achieved by the ideal gas law and Gladstone–Dale model. Numerical simulations were conducted for performance evaluations. The flame phase, refractive index, and temperature distributions were reconstructed with errors of 0.0094, 0.0154, and 0.0958, respectively. Standard deviations were in the magnitude of $10^{\mathrm {-4}}$ at the presence of Gaussian random noises and showed the noise immunity of the proposed method. In actual experiments, reconstructed temperature distribution of a steady flame generated on a Bunsen burner agreed well with the thermocouple measurements. A dynamical process of flame extinguishment was portrayed at 1 kframes/s. Temporal variation of the flame temperature distribution well reflected the extinguishing process. The entire measurement process did not require prior calibration of the modulated wavelength, and the imaging speed was more than ten times faster than the existing phase modulated interferometer. The proposed method can be used for online evaluation of dynamic flames.

Fast and Calibration-Free Temperature Imaging of Dynamic Flames via Wavelength Modulated Lateral Shearing Interferometry

Aaron Yip

Papers

Multicomponent pool fires: Trends in burning rate, flame height, and flame temperature

Experimental and Numerical Comparison of Small-scale Gaseous Fire Whirls

Simulating fire dynamics in multicomponent pool fires

Gas-liquid mass transfer and hydrodynamics in a vertically-oscillating multiphase reactor