Background and aims The usage of smartphones has increased rapidly in recent years, and this has brought about addiction. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between smartphone use severity and sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Methods In total, 319 university students (203 females and 116 males; mean age = 20.5 ± 2.45) were included in the study. Participants were divided into the following three groups: a smartphone non-user group (n = 71, 22.3%), a low smartphone use group (n = 121, 37.9%), and a high smartphone use group (n = 127, 39.8%). All participants were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory; moreover, participants other than those in the smartphone non-user group were also assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale. Results The findings revealed that the Smartphone Addiction Scale scores of females were significantly higher than those of males. Depression, anxiety, and day...

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Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students.

Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry.

Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology.

Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life

Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use

Objective: Smartphones have many features such as communication, internet, photography, multimedia and navigation, and are currently one of the most popular technological devices. Usage of smartphones has increased rapidly and this rapid increase has brought about addiction and problematic usage. To our knowledge, there is no scale, which can be used to assess addiction to smartphones in the Turkish population. The aim of this study was to adapt Turkish terminology and to assess the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale. 
Methods: The sample was composed of 301 students studying at the Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, who used smartphones. In the study, in addition to the Smartphone Addiction Scale, an Information Form, the Internet Addiction Scale and the Problem Mobile Phone Use Scale were used as tools for collecting data. The scales were given to all attendees in mixed order and the Information Form was always given at the first stage. It took about 20 minutes to complete the scales. Test-retest application was made with 30 randomly selected students (with the help of nicknames) three weeks later. The factor structure of the scale was examined by factor analysis and the Varimax Rotation method. Internal consistency, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability analyses were conducted for the reliability analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze criterion-related validity.
Results: Factor analysis revealed a seven-factor structure and factor loadings of items that ranged from 0.349 to 0.824. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was founded to be 0.947 for the scale. Correlations between the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Turkish version and the other scales were statistically significant. The test-retest reliability was high (r=0.814). The Guttman Split-half coefficient was calculated to be 0.893 in the split-half reliability analysis. The average total scores for girls were significantly higher than those for boys (p=0.03). There was a non-significant negative correlation between age and scale total score (r=-0.086, p=0.13). Average scale scores were the highest in users who used smartphones for over 16 hours. Average scale scores were significantly higher in users who used smartphones for over 16 hours compared with users of smartphones for less than 4 hours (p=0.01). We recorded the highest scale score in the game category. We didn’t observe any statistical significance when comparing game scores with those of the internet (p=0.44) and social networking (p=0.98) categories. Additionally, total scores for gaming were significantly higher than those for voice calling (p=0.02), short text messaging (p=0.02) and other categories (p=0.04). Moreover, the participants who selected the answers ‘agree’ or ‘unsure’ as self-rating for smartphone addiction obtained significantly higher scores than the participants who answered ‘disagree’ (p=0.01).
Conclusion: In this study, we found that the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale is a reliable and valid measurement tool for the evaluation of smartphone addiction.

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Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in a Younger Population

Adrenomedullin (ADM) and nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. ADM induces vasorelaxation by activating adenylate cyclase and stimulating the release of NO. These two molecules are known to influence cerebral activity. In this study, we aimed to examine the serum levels of ADM and NO in patients with major depression (MD). We enrolled 50 patients with MD and 50 healthy control subjects. The diagnosis of MD was established on the basis of a structured clinical interview using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated using Hamilton's 17-item Depression Rating Scale. The mean serum levels of ADM and NO in patients with MD were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects (p=0.001, for both). The severity of psychomotor retardation in patients with MD was significantly correlated with the ADM (r=0.37, p=0.007) and NO levels (r=0.29, p=0.038). The patients with obvious psychomotor retardation had significantly higher levels of ADM and NO than did the patients with no psychomotor retardation (p=0.025, p=0.030). A significantly positive correlation was found between ADM and NO levels in patients with MD (r=0.79, p=0.001). Serum levels of ADM and NO levels were not correlated with the severity or duration of depression or depressive symptoms (except psychomotor retardation). In conclusion, our study indicates that serum levels of ADM and NO are elevated in patients with MD and that increased serum levels of ADM and NO may be associated with psychomotor retardation. The ADM-NO system may serve as a new target in the treatment of patients with MD and psychomotor retardation.

Possible role of adrenomedullin and nitric oxide in major depression

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate symptoms and diagnoses of Adult-Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in women with iron deficiency anemia, to evaluate relationship between ADHD with clinical features and to compare with the women without iron deficiency anemia. METHODS Eighty-three newly diagnosed iron deficiency anemia patients and 70 healthy controls were included in this study. All participants were assessed using a sociodemographic form, Structured Clinical Interview I (SCID-I), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS); Moreover, participants having WURS scores 36 and above were also assessed using the Adult ADD/ADHD Evaluation Scale and interviewed according to DSM-5 criteria. RESULTS In the study, 22.9% of patients with iron deficiency anemia and 12.9% of healthy controls were found to have WURS scores 36 and above. Fifteen patients (18.1%) in iron deficiency anemia group and two patients (2.9%) in control group had adult ADHD, when they were evaluated with Adult ADD/ADHD Evaluation Scale and interviewed according to DSM-5 criteria (p=0.007). The patients with iron deficiency anemia had significantly higher WURS scores compared to controls (p=0.002). The levels of iron and ferritin had negative correlation (r=-0.166, p<0.05; r=-0.255, p<0.01, respectively) and the levels of serum iron binding capacity had positive correlation (r=0.255, p<0.01) with the scores of WURS. CONCLUSION The prevalence of adult ADHD is higher than those reported for general population in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Early diagnose and treatment of adult ADHD may positively contribute to the patients with iron deficiency anemia.

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The Investigation of Symptoms and Diagnoses of Adult-Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in Women with Iron Deficiency Anemia

The main feature of stuttering is the disturbance in terms of both timing and fluency of speech inappropriate with the age. This disturbance is characterized with the repetition and prolongation of sounds and syllables. There are two types of stuttering as acquired and developmental. Acquired stuttering may begin suddenly at any age and may be seen rarely due to the adverse effects of drugs. Stuttering induced by antipsychotics may develop very rarely. Risperidone is a strong antagonist of dopamin 2 (D2) and serotonin 2A (5 HT2A) and shows a high affinity for α1 and α2 noradrenaline receptors. It's used in a wide spectrum including psychotic disorders, mood disorders, and behavioral disorders, even for the treatment of stuttering. Risperidone treats the symptoms of stuttering by the antagonism of D2 receptors with an increase in striatal metabolism. In literature, we haven't observed any other case reports except the two stuttering cases with psychotic disorders due to the short term and high-dose risperidone treatment. In our case, stuttering adverse effect of chronic low-dose risperidone treatment is remarkable that is discussed for the first time. As well as the use of risperidone for the treatment of stuttering, stuttering adverse effect seems to be interesting as a paradox.

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Abdullah Akpinar

Papers

Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in a Younger Population

Possible role of adrenomedullin and nitric oxide in major depression

The Investigation of Symptoms and Diagnoses of Adult-Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in Women with Iron Deficiency Anemia

A Case of Risperidone Induced Stuttering as a Paradox.