Internet of Things in agriculture, recent advances and future challenges

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used in agriculture to provide farmers with a large amount of information. Precision agriculture (PA) is a management strategy that employs information technology to improve quality and production. Utilizing wireless sensor technologies and management tools can lead to a highly effective, green agriculture. Based on PA management, the same routine to a crop regardless of site environments can be avoided. From several perspectives, field management can improve PA, including the provision of adequate nutrients for crops and the wastage of pesticides for the effective control of weeds, pests, and diseases. This review outlines the recent applications of WSNs in agriculture research as well as classifies and compares various wireless communication protocols, the taxonomy of energy-efficient and energy harvesting techniques for WSNs that can be used in agricultural monitoring systems, and comparison between early research works on agriculture-based WSNs. The challenges and limitations of WSNs in the agricultural domain are explored, and several power reduction and agricultural management techniques for long-term monitoring are highlighted. These approaches may also increase the number of opportunities for processing Internet of Things (IoT) data.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/8/1781/pdf

Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture: A Review.

Internet of Things (IoT) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are two hot technologies utilized in cultivation fields, which transform traditional farming practices into a new era of precision agriculture. In this paper, we perform a survey of the last research on IoT and UAV technology applied in agriculture. We describe the main principles of IoT technology, including intelligent sensors, IoT sensor types, networks and protocols used in agriculture, as well as IoT applications and solutions in smart farming. Moreover, we present the role of UAV technology in smart agriculture, by analyzing the applications of UAVs in various scenarios, including irrigation, fertilization, use of pesticides, weed management, plant growth monitoring, crop disease management, and field-level phenotyping. Furthermore, the utilization of UAV systems in complex agricultural environments is also analyzed. Our conclusion is that IoT and UAV are two of the most important technologies that transform traditional cultivation practices into a new perspective of intelligence in precision agriculture.

Internet of Things (IoT) and Agricultural Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in smart farming: A comprehensive review

Comprehensive Survey of Image Steganography: Techniques, Evaluations, and Trends in Future Research

Spread spectrum systems

This paper is based on the magnitude overestimation correction of the variable message by using two normalized factors in each iteration for LDPC min-sum decoding algorithm. The variable message is modified with a normalized factor when there is a sign change and with another normalized factor when there is no sign change during any two consecutive iterations. This paper incorporates QC LDPC codes using this new decoding algorithm for flat fading multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel and single relay cooperative communication networks for improving the bit error performance. MIMO flat fading channel is used with zero forcing (ZF) spatial decoding for noise suppression. The performance is greatly enhanced by using the new min-sum algorithm for medium and short length Cooperative communication network and MIMO LDPC codes.

QC LDPC Codes for MIMO and Cooperative Networks using Two Way Normalized Min-Sum Decoding

In this study, an automatic approach for detecting QRS complexes and evaluating related R-R intervals of ECG signals (PNDM) is proposed. It reliably recognizes QRS complexes based on the deflection occurred between R & S waves as a large positive and negative interval with respect to other ECG signal waves. The proposed detection method follows new fast direct algorithm applied to the entire ECG record itself without additional transformation like discrete wavelet transform (DWT) or any filtering sequence. Mostly used records in the online ECG database (MIT-BIH Arrhythmia) have been used to evaluate the new technique. Moreover it was compared to seven existing techniques; the results show that PNDM has much detection performances according to 99.95% sensitivity and 99.97% specificity. It is also quickest than comparable methods.

/pdf/a-novel-approach-for-detecting-qrs-complex-of-ecg-signal-15ahwb4338.pdf

A Novel Approach for Detecting QRS Complex of ECG signal

Due to the nature of the current digital world, many techniques have become essential for the protection of secret data. The protection of such secret information has led to the development of different kinds of techniques in different categories. Of all of these, steganography has the advantage of concealing vital information in an imperceptible manner. An improved steganographic system is presented in this paper, which successfully embeds secret data within the frequency domain by modifying the Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) coefficients. Based on selection criteria, certain blocks are selected for the concealment of data. To ensure a full recovery for the hidden message, an embedding map is proposed to indicate the selected embedding blocks. To secure the embedding map, SpeedUp Robust Features (SURF) is used to dynamically define the locations in which the embedding map is concealed. In addition, the embedding map is hidden in the frequency domain as well by modifying the Discreet Wavelet Transformation (DWT) coefficients in a content-based manner. The obtained results show the robustness of the proposed system against Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and JPEG compression attacks. Moreover, the resultant stego-images demonstrate good visual quality in terms of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR). Nevertheless, the hiding capacity which is achieved is still limited due to the fact that only part of the image serves to hide the embedding map.

An improved robust and secured image steganographic scheme

This paper demonstrates the execution and performance of frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) in hostile jamming surroundings as correspond to conventional system. The system in this paper is confined to the merest assessments establish on the power ratio between the signal and entire interference. In scheming an antijam FHSS system, the spread bandwidth, ss W , is by and large fixed at the start, and repeatedly with the usable bandwidth. Two rectangular bandpass signals have been diagrammed and the observance matrices are incurred by adding signal to jammer, arranging the jammer amplitude at 6 with matched filter output. From the simulation results it has revealed that plain signal is entirely masked by the jammer and is not noticeably ascertained at the filter output, the FHSS is the one, time constricted by the matched filter, is evident uniquely.

Synchronized Behavior of FHSS against External Interference

Due to the increasing popularity of LDPC codes and its demand for future applications, first time in this paper, LDPC coding techniques have been systematically summarized and analyzed. The paper gives the comprehensive review of LDPC encoder, decoder and its architecture for simulation and implementation. The paper is specially intended for giving an insight of the algorithmic overview of the LDPC encoder, decoder and its architecture for research and practical purposes. The original belief propagation algorithm (BPA) , logarithmic model of BPA , and the other simplified form of the logarithmic sum product algorithms (SPA) has been elaborated and analyzed for medium and short length codes under AWGN channel

/pdf/comprehensive-algorithmic-review-and-analysis-of-ldpc-codes-1y5tspshk6.pdf

Abid Yahya

Papers

QC LDPC Codes for MIMO and Cooperative Networks using Two Way Normalized Min-Sum Decoding

A Novel Approach for Detecting QRS Complex of ECG signal

An improved robust and secured image steganographic scheme

Synchronized Behavior of FHSS against External Interference

Comprehensive Algorithmic Review and Analysis of LDPC Codes