Showing papers in "Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 2015"

Evaluating Quasi Random Deployment in Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract: Among the various parameters and constraints considered that are affected by optimal deployments, performance as per the mac layer has attained limited attention. This article is aimed at two things. Firstly, it aims to understand the packet delivery parameters for convergecast communication pattern ideal for Zigbee based wireless sensor networks. Secondly, it aims to suggest enhancements through proposing a quasi based deployment pattern, that may help boost the performance to acceptable levels. We simulate and observe the packet based statistics at the mac layers employing different protocols like AODV, DSR. This paper is also an effort to suggest the use of Quasi based deployment strategy comparable to the existing random and deterministic methods. The inferences obtained are for zigbee networks encorporating both peer to peer (using a tree based topology) and star (using a graph based topology) WSN architectures. A quasi based deployment pattern offers scope for improvement of the reliability metrics which is the sole accountability of the mac layer, irrespective to the protocol employed at the higher levels or the backbone structure for communication. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v15i1.8074

A Compact Multiple Band-Notched Planer Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth Using Parasitic Strip Lumped Capacitors and DGS-Technique

Abstract: UWB antenna with dual notched characteristics fed by microstrip transmission line is presented in this paper. The tapered connection between the rectangular patch and the feed line is used to produce a good impedance matching from 2.3 to 11.5 GHz. A dual band frequency notches are achieved using U-DGS loaded with lumped capacitors. The first notch frequency band is achieved using DGS to reduce the interference with WIMAX from 3.3 to 3.7 Ghz. The second notch frequency band is also achieved using U-parasitic strip placed in the ground plan to eliminate the interference with WLAN from 5.2 to 5.9 GHz. Lumped capacitors are combined with the slot due to miniaturize the slot size. The size of the resonator is reduced by more than 40% when lumped capacitors are used. The proposed antenna hasVSWR < 2 except the notched bands. The simulated results confirm that the antenna is suitable for UWB applications. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v13i2.6976

Power Transformer Incipient Faults Diagnosis Based on Dissolved Gas Analysis

Abstract: Incipient fault diagnosis of a power transformer is greatly influenced by the condition assessment of its insulation system oil and/or paper insulation. Dissolved gas-in-oil analysis (DGA) is one of the most powerfull techniques for the detection of incipient fault condition within oil-immersed transformers. The transformer data has been analyzed using key gases, Doernenburg, Roger, IEC and Duval triangle techniques. This paper introduce a MATLAB program to help in unification DGA interpretation techniques to investigate the accuracy of these techniques in interpreting the transformer condition and to provide the best suggestion for the type of the fault within the transformer based on fault percentage. It proposes a proper maintenance action based on DGA results which is useful for planning an appropriate maintenance strategy to keep the power transformer in acceptable condition. The evaluation is carried out on DGA data obtained from 352 oil samples has been summarized into 46 samples that have been collected from a 38 different transformers of different rating and different life span.

ABC Based Design of PID Controller for Two Area Load Frequency Control with Nonlinearities

Abstract: This paper presents an application of the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) to optimize the parameters of Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller (PID) of nonlinear Load Frequency Controller (LFC) for a power system. A two area non reheat thermal system is equipped with PID controller. ABC is employed to search for optimal controller parameters to minimize the time domain objective function. The performance of the proposed technique has been evaluated with the performance of the conventional Ziegler Nichols (ZN) , Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) in order to demonstrate the superior efficiency of the proposed ABC in tuning PID controller. By comparison with the conventional technique, GA and BFOA, the effectiveness of the proposed ABC is validated over different operating conditions, and system parameters variations.

Digital Image Based Identification of Rice Variety Using Image Processing and Neural Network

Abstract: The increased of consumer concern on the originality of rice variety and the quality of rice leads to originality certification of rice by existing institutions. Technology helps human to perform evaluations of food grains using images of objects. This study developed a system used as a tool to identify rice varieties. Identification process was performed by analyzing rice images using image processing. The analyzed features for identification consisted of six color features, four morphological features, and two texture features. Classifier used LVQ neural network algorithm. Identification results using a combination of all features gave average accuracy of 70,3% with the highest classification accuracy level of 96,6% for Mentik Wangi and the lowest classification accuracy of 30% for Cilosari.

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): Model and Security Issues

Abstract: Cloud computing is making a big revolution in the field of information technology thereby reducing capital expenditures spent. Computing is delivered as a service enabling effective utilization of computational resources. Certain security issues exist which prevents individuals and industries from using clouds despite its advantages. Resolving such problems may increase the usage of cloud thereby reducing the amount spent for resources. The paper focuses on one of the three service delivery models, Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS). PaaS model, layers in PaaS and PaaS providers are described along with the security issues encountered in PaaS clouds. The issues along with solutions discussed provide an insight into PaaS security for both providers and users which may help in future PaaS design and implementation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v15i1.8073

Role of Solar Power in Sustainable Development of India

Abstract: Bulk group of rural households, dependency on insufficient and poor quality energy sources are the features of Indian energy consumption pattern. Sustainability is the move towards the growth and development of India. Solar Energy is one of the renowned sectors to support the sustainability of India. Solar energy has giant potential in India due to its position in tropical belt. This paper deals with the new innovative applications of solar energy for sustainable development of India. Solar application in transportation, architecture, car parking, restaurants, lighting, mobile charging etc are described for sustainable development. The paper includes the existing applications of solar energy, the current status of solar energy in India, challenges in the progress of solar energy and concludes with some solutions to promote solar energy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v14i1.7668

Gabor-HOG Features based Face Recognition Scheme

Abstract: Extraction of invariant features is the core of Face RecognitionSystems (FRS). This work proposes a novel feature extractor-fusion scheme using two powerful feature descriptor known as Gabor Filters (GFs) and Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG), which the face image is filtered with the multiscale multiresolution Gabor filter bank to generate multiple Gabor magnitude images (GMIs), then the down-sampled GMIs and apply Histogram of Oriented Gradient to form the features. The experimental results on the FERET face database show the effectiveness of our methods.

Slots and Notches Loaded Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication

Abstract: In this article, the theoretical investigations are carried out on slots and notches loaded microstrip patch antenna for dual-band operations. The antenna parameters are calculated such as return loss, VSWR and radiation pattern. It is observed that antenna resonates at three distinct modes of frequencies of 1.490/1.953/2.941 GHz. The characteristics behaviors of the proposed antenna are compared with other coaxial fed microstrip patch antennas. The bandwidth of the proposed antenna at modes TM 01 is 2.01 %( simulated) and 3.42 % (theoretical), TM 02 is 1.10 %( simulated) and 3.81 % (theoretical) and TM 03 is 1.01 % (simulated) and 4.80 % (theoretical). The theoretical results are compared with IE3D simulation results as well as reported experimental results and they are in close agreement. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v13i3.7282

Food Traceability in Supply Chain Based on EPCIS Standard and RFID Technology

Abstract: The growth of retailer lately very significant especially in food product, selling of food product is not only in conventional market but moreover now is in such mini market, mall, shopping complex, etc. Food traceability is required in supply of food product to make sure items are safe to consume and not in expired date. This paper present on food traceability in supply chain based on Electronic Product Code Information Services (EPCIS), the use of EPCIS standard is refer to Global Standard-1 (GS1) for logistic and supply chain based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology. RFID is used for items tagging on food product instead of barcode that currently widely used the advantages of RFID tag compare than barcode make the system is more applicable to used in food traceability. In this case one of food product take into example in supplying which is banana that the process started from farmer until reach to retail house are monitored and recorded by the system. End process of this system is to give services to the consumer of customer based on EPCIS database collected in all the way of process. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v13i1.6919

A Modified Bat Algorithm for Power Loss Reduction in Electrical Distribution System

Abstract: Losses on Electric Distribution System lines represent a major challenge for electric distribution companies since those losses refer to the amount of electricity injected into the distribution grids that are not paid by users. Network Optimization by system reconfiguration is one of the solutions among many others used to solve this problem. In this paper a modified version of new Meta Heuristic algorithm based on Bat behavior is proposed to find the best system configuration with a low loss rate, we present two different approaches: reduction of search space and introduction of sigmoid function to fit the algorithm to the problem. The main advantages of the proposed methodology are: easy implementation and less computational efforts to find an optimal solution. To demonstrate its efficiency the proposed scheme is tested on 33 Bus distribution system and the results show loss reduction rate of 33%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v14i1.7629

Wireless Sensor Networks Node Localization-A Performance Comparison of Shuffled Frog Leaping and Firefly Algorithm in LabVIEW

Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have become popular in many applications area including environmental monitoring, military and offshore oil & gas industries. In WSN the sensors are randomly deployed in the sensor field and hence estimation of the localization of each deployed node has drawn more attention by the recent researchers, It’s a unique problem to identify and maximizing the coverage where the sensors need to be placed in a position so that the sensing capability of the network is fully utilized to ensure high quality of service. In order to keep the cost of sensor networks to a minimum, the use of additional hardware like global positioning system (GPS) can be avoided by the use of effective algorithms that can be used for the same. In this paper we attempted to use both the shuffled frog leaping (SFLA) and firefly algorithms (FFA) to estimate the optimal location of randomly deployed sensors. The results were compared and published for the usefulness of further research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v14i3.7861 Full Text: PDF

Modeling and Simulation of Off-Grid Power Generation System Using Photovoltaic

Abstract: Off-Grid is a part of the power distribution system which uses renewable energy based of power generation connected to the grid system. Multi energy power generation is composed of renewable energy systems including photovoltaic, wind turbine, energy storage and local loads. Test bed of an Off-Grid system is the technique to ensure stable operation during faults and various network disturbances in grid and islanding connected mode. In this paper the Off-Grid using renewable energy consist of a 3 kW photovoltaic, with 30 pieces of 12V, DC/DC converter, charge controller for battery, single phase DC/AC inverter and various loads (resistor, capacitor, inductor) are develop. The AC buses 240V voltage include with isolation transformer to simulate the grid voltage level by Matlab/Simulink software. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v13i3.7061

Performance Analysis of Load Balancing Techniques in Cloud Computing Environment

Abstract: Cloud computing is a forerunner among the technologies emerging today in the IT world. It has already been some years after the emergence of cloud technology but still the world didn’t get the complete fruits of cloud computing. Out of the many revolutionary results expected as outcomes from the cloud computing technology there were very few achieved and the rest of the expected are still under research. Two of the main obstacles in the usage of cloud computing are Cloud Security and Performance stability. Load Balancing is one of the elements that shows impact on the performance stability of cloud computing. In this paper we discuss about load balancing and different algorithms that are proposed for distributing the load among the nodes and also the parameters that are taken into account for calculating the best algorithm to balance the load. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v13i3.7237

Improvement of Address Resolution Security in IPv6 Local Network using Trust-ND

Abstract: The current Internet infrastructure IPv4 uses Address Resolution Protocol to resolve the neighbors MAC address if not known. IPv6 is the next generation communication protocol used today to overcome the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. IPv6 uses Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) to do the address resolution and not ARP. NDP lacks security and hence the address resolution mechanism is vulnerable to various attacks that include man-in-the-middle and Denial of Service. Secure Neighbor Discovery (SeND) mechanism that was introduced to solve this problem is highly complex and the message size is large. This paper introduces Trust-ND mechanism to secure the address resolution in IPv6 local network. Experiments were done and analysis on the experimental result shows the Trust-ND could decrease the complexity of SeND. The processing time of NDP message could be reduced from 1076 times for SeND mechanism to only 1.9 times for Trust-ND. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v13i1.6929

Compared with PI, Fuzzy-PI and PSO-PI Controllers of Robotic Grinding Force Servo System

Abstract: By grinding process, when an industrial robot is used to finish a curved surface, both feed movement and contact force must controlled at the similar time in order that the grinding tool would machine the work-piece at the right position in right posture with required force. A passive wrist system is advanced, in this paper, to conform the shape of the machining propeller by altering its posture along with the surface. The proportional-integral (PI) controller, due to its simplicity, robustness, and affordable price, is extremely often used in practical applications, but it is effective for linear systems, as well as, the challenging task is to find its optimal gains. If the processes involved higher order and time delay systems, many intelligent controllers were appeared. In this paper, to cope with nonlinearities, improve the controller parameters and at the same time modeling uncertainties of grinding marine propeller surface, a PI torque controller is proposed such that its optimal gains are derived via a modern systems based on fuzzy logic theory and particle swarm optimization algorithm which are used to solve various engineering problems. Grinding force is controlled under Fuzzy-PI controller which is being assembled and compared with a PSO-PI controller to obtain which controller that provides grinding with higher quality. The compared controllers have been optimized together with the parameters of the Two-Phase Hybrid Stepping Motor. The suggested fuzzy rule function and PSO algorithm improve the response of the controlled system and searches a high-quality solution impressively. Simulation and comparison results are presented and that the proposed control systems are coping well with nonlinearities and uncertainties while find PI control parameter set effectively, the PSO-PI controller has a better control performance with improved step response for robotic grinding force servo system. These control methods was simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Optimized Suitable Propagation Model for GSM 900 Path Loss Prediction

Abstract: This paper present how COST-231 Hata model is chosen and optimizedfor path loss prediction in suburban area of Tarakan, Indonesia in the GSM 900 MHz system.Thispredicted and optimized path loss model is based on the empirical measurement collected in the GSM system on Tarakan City. It is developed by comparing the calculatedpath loss from collected measurements with the well-known path loss models within applicable frequency range of GSM system, such as COST-231 Hata, Ericsson, SUI, Walfish, ECC-33, and Lee Model. The COST-231 Hata model was chosen based on the closest and smallest mean error ascompared to the measured path loss. This optimized COST-231 Hata model is implemented in the path loss predictionduring the validation process. Thus, this optimized model is successfully improved and would be more reliableto be applied in the TarakanGSM900 MHz system for path loss prediction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v14i1.7470

Comparative Study of a Three Phase Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter for Harmonic Reduction

Abstract: The aim of this research project is to analyze and design of energy storages in electrical distribution system. In this paper presents a comparative study between sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique, based on generate signal five level of cascaded H-bridge for reduction harmonics in the multilevel inverter output. A multilevel inverter is a preferred choice for most medium-voltage and high-power applications, as well as cascaded H-bridge (CHB) five-level inverters due to its advantages such as low cost, light weight and compact size. It is suitable particularly for use in a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter due to reduced total harmonic distortion (THD). Harmonic content in three phase multilevel inverter can be investigated by generating (SPWM) and (SVPWM) algorithm signal based on a five-level (CHB). The proposed system is designed using MATLAB/SIMULINK consists of cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverter. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v14i3.7949

Fuzzy-PID Controller of robotic grinding force servo system

Abstract: When a robot is used to grind or finish a curved surface ,as marine propeller surface, both contact force and feed movement must controlled at the similar time in order that the grinding tool would machine the work-piece, with required force, at the right position in right posture. A compliant wrist system is advanced, in this paper, to conform the shape of the machining propeller by altering its posture along with the surface. Grinding force is controlled under a simple new Fuzzy-PID controller with five input variables which assembled and compared with an antecedently used PID controller. The aim of defining the rules and its optimization are to achieve a controller that provides grinding with higher quality. Both the controllers PID and Fuzzy-PID have been optimized together with the parameters of the Two-Phase Hybrid Stepping Motor The Fuzzy-PID controller policy at a steady value in the normal direction of the mentioned machining point by multi-point machining, while the grinding tool moving along the curved surface of the propeller. It means that the model of the compliant wrist system and the surroundings could be used in force controlling when robots grind marine propeller surface by a grinding tool with multi-point machining. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v15i1.8051

Range-Free Localization Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract: Localization of nodes is one of the key issues of wireless sensor network (WSN) that gained a wide attention in recent years. The existing localization techniques can be generally categorized into two types: range-based and range-free. Compared with rang-based schemes, the range-free schemes are more cost-effective, because no additional ranging devices are needed. As a result, we focus our research on the range-free schemes. In this paper we study three types of range-free location algorithms to compare the localization error and energy consumption of each one. Centroid algorithm requires a normal node has at least three neighbor anchors, while DV-hop algorithm doesn’t have this requirement. The third studied algorithm is the amorphous algorithm similar to DV-Hop algorithm, and the idea is to calculate the hop distance between two nodes instead of the linear distance between them .The simulation results show that the localization accuracy of the amorphous algorithm is higher than that of other algorithms and the energy consumption does not increase too much.

An Interactive Mobile Augmented Reality for Tourism Objects at Purbalingga District

Abstract: This paper presents the development of an interactive mobile Augmented Reality (AR) for tourism promotion with eXtreme programming (XP) at Purbalingga district, Central Java that has many places of tourist attractions such as Owabong, Purbasari Pancuran Mas, Sanggaluri Park and Buper Munjuluhur. By applying the AR concept it is expected the tourism objects could be enhanced by augmenting the virtual brochures which could be viewed over a mobile device. In this study, mobile device Android platform is used to display interactive brochures of tourism promotion containing 3D models, animations, and sounds. The brochure will provide information in of real attractions of the tourism objects in the Purbalingga district.

Artificial Optimal Fuzzy Control Strategy for Elevator Drive System by Using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

Abstract: There are many power electronic converters and motor drives connected together to form the electrical system of an elevator. In this paper, we have presented a modeling tool that has the advantages of utilizing capabilities of the PMSM software in detailed simulations of converters, motor drives, and electric machines. In addition, equivalent electrical models of Elevator drive system. This paper also gives a brief idea of PMSM validity as an elevator simulation tool. PMSM drive system is described and analyzed due to its importance in many applications especially in elevator applications. applications due to their high efficiency, low inertia and high torque to volume ratio. A closed loop control system with a PI control,Fuzzy, PSO in the speed loop with current controllers .The simulation circuits for PMSM, inverter, speed and current controllers include all realistic components of the drive system. Simulation results for SPWM control schemes associated with current controllers are given for two speeds, one below rated and another above rated speed. in this paper and it has been shown that the model is suitable for transient as well as steady state condition. These results also confirmed that the transient torque and current never exceed the maximum permissible value. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v14i3.7952

Heuristic Approaches to Solve Traveling Salesman Problem

Abstract: This paper provides the survey of the heuristics solution approaches for the traveling salesman problem (TSP). TSP is easy to understand, however, it is very difficult to solve. Due to complexity involved with exact solution approaches it is hard to solve TSP within feasible time. That’s why different heuristics are generally applied to solve TSP. Heuristics to solve TSP are presented here with detailed algorithms. At the end, comparison among selected approaches shows the efficiency of approaches in terms of solution quality and time consumed to solve TSP.

ECG De-noising using Hybrid Linearization Method

Abstract: Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a non-invasive tool that monitors the electrical activity of the heart. An ECG signal is highly prone to the disturbances such as noise contamination, artifacts and other signals interference. So, an ECG signal has to be de-noised so that the distortions can be eliminated from the original signal for the perfect diagnosing of the condition and performance of the heart. Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) de-noises an ECG signal to some extent. This project proposes a method called Hybrid Linearization Method which is a combination of Extended Kalman Filter along with Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) resulting in an improved de-noised signal.

A Novel Approach for Design and Analysis of Voltage- Controlled DSTATCOM for Power Quality Enhancement

Abstract: The Power quality fluctuations of the distributed power system show a serious impact on the robust and sustainable operation of the distributed power system. These power quality fluctuations may be caused due to several reasons like leakage, faults and ageing of the lines. This project proposes a new algorithm to generate reference voltage for a controlled mode distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) operating in voltage-control mode. The proposed scheme exhibits several advantages compared to traditional voltage-controlled DSTATCOM where the reference voltage is arbitrarily taken as 1.0 p.u. The proposed scheme ensures that unity power factor (UPF) is achieved, while regulating the voltage at the load terminal, during load change, which is not possible in the traditional method. Also, the compensator injects lower currents and, therefore, reduces losses in the feeder and voltage-source inverter. This scheme allows DSTATCOM to tackle power-quality issues by providing power factor correction, harmonic elimination, load balancing, and voltage regulation based on the load requirement. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.

A Minimax Polynomial Approximation Objective Function Approach for Optimal Design of Power System Stabilizer by Embedding Particle Swarm Optimization

Abstract: The paper presents a novel approach based on Minimax approximation and evolutionary tool Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to fabricate the parameters of Power System Stabilizers (PSSs) for multi machine power systems. The proposed approach employs PSO algorithm for find the setting of PSS parameters. The worth mentioning feature of this work is the formulation of objective function with the help of swing curves interpolation. A novel transformation known as minimax approximation is used for converting the objective into the polynomials of degree one, two and three. To construct the objective function based on interpolation second order sensitivity analysis is performed. The performance of the PSSs is tested under different topological changes, operating conditions and system configurations. Nonlinear simulation reveals that proposed PSSs are effectively deal with local and interarea modes of oscillations. PSS design obtained through lower order polynomial expression of objective function is able to deal with the oscillatory modes efficiently. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v14i2.7602

Resonance Characteristics and Effective Parameters of New Left Hand Metamaterial

Abstract: It is essential to alter effective electromagnetic parameters of a material to enhance its response. In the present work, we propose a novel Left Hand Metamaterial (LHM) structure comprising dual turn spiral resonator (DTSR) and capacitance loaded strips (CLS). This structure is numerically explored to examine the resonance and effective material parameters i.e. permeability and permittivity. The negative refraction in the unit cell is confirmed with identification of double negative region (negative permittivity, e and negative permeability, µ ) on placing the unit cell in a waveguide with well defined Perfect Electric Conduction/Perfect Magnetic Conduction boundary conditions.

Technologies Used in Smart Grid to Implement Power Distribution System

Abstract: Recently, the debate has been going on about the role of power plus distribution systems, its technologies for future smart grids in power systems. The emerging of new technologies in smart grid and power distribution systems provide a significant change in terms of reduction the commercial and technical losses, improve the rationalization of electricity tariff. The new technologies in smart grid systems have different capabilities to increase the technological efficiency in power distribution systems. These new technologies are the foreseeable solution to address the power system issues. This paper gives a brief detail of new technologies in smart grid systems for its power distribution systems, benefits and recent challenges. The paper provides a brief detail for new researchers and engineers about new technologies in smart grid systems and how to change traditional distribution systems into new smart systems. Full Text: PDF DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v16i2.9045

eXSRUP: Hybrid Software Development Model Integrating Extreme Programing, Scrum & Rational Unified Process

Abstract: Software industries are progressively adopting the agile development practices of customized models such as Extreme Programming (XP) or Scrum or Rational Unified Process (RUP). Scrum and Extreme Programming (XP) are frequently used agile models, whereas Rational Unified Process (RUP) is one popular classic plan driven software development methodology. Both agile and plan driven models have their own merits & demerits such as XP has good engineering practices, team collaboration and on the other hand weak documentation, poor performance in medium & large scale projects. Scrum is based on project management practices. RUP model has some limitations such as impractical for small and fast paced projects, tendency to be over budgeted, condemn rapid changes in requirements. This research paper based on proposes hybrid framework eXSRUP by combining strengths of Scrum, XP and RUP by suppressing their limitations to produce high quality software.

Filtering Based Illumination Normalization Techniques for Face Recognition

Abstract: The main challenge experienced by the present face recognition techniques and smooth filters are the difficulty in managing illumination. The differences in face images that are created by illumination are normally bigger compared to the differences in inter-person that is utilized to differentiate identities. However, face recognition over illumination has more uses in a lot of applications that deal with subjects that are not cooperative where the highest potential of the face recognition as a non-intrusive biometric feature can be executed and utilized. This study aims to offer a crucial review of researches involving illumination techniques, and image-based face recognition over illumination. Information was collected from journals, books and electronic sources published in the period of 1971 to 2013. In depth explanation is provided on the advantages and drawbacks, strategies and performance levels of the current techniques. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v13i2.7001