There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

Author(s): Vogel, Alfred; Venugopalan, Vasan | Abstract: The mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues were studied. The transiently empty space created between the fiber tip and the tissue surface improved the optical transmission to the target and thus increased the ablation efficiency. It was found that the structure and morphology also affect the energy transport among tissue constituents.

/pdf/mechanisms-of-pulsed-laser-ablation-of-biological-tissues-58cltfa63z.pdf

Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues.

Introduction. Medical Lasers. Applications of Lasers in Therapy and Diagnosis. Single Optical Fibers. Optical Fiber Bundles. Endoscopy. Fiberoptic Diagnosis. Fiberoptic Laser Systems for Diagnostics and Therapy. Clinical Applications of Fiberoptic Laser Systems. Appendix. Glossary. Bibliography. Subject Index.

Lasers and Optical Fibers in Medicine

A general theory for fiber-optic, evanescent-wave spectroscopy and sensors is presented for straight, uncladded, step-index, multimode fibers. A three-dimensional model is formulated within the framework of geometric optics. The model includes various launching conditions, input and output end-face Fresnel transmission losses, multiple Fresnel reflections, bulk absorption, and evanescent-wave absorption. An evanescent-wave sensor response is analyzed as a function of externally controlled parameters such as coupling angle, f number, fiber length, and diameter. Conclusions are drawn for several experimental apparatuses.

Theory of fiber-optic, evanescent-wave spectroscopy and sensors.

Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy using a special waveguide based on a silver halide fiber was used for probing the heat-induced secondary structure and conformation changes of bovine serum albumin (BSA). From the secondary derivative and the curve fitting of the obtained ATR-FTIR spectra, the changes of the BSA secondary structure with temperature were clearly identified. Two different thermal denaturation temperature ranges (i.e., 50-52 and 80-82 °C, at which a change of the protein structure occurred) were determined, while only one denaturation temperature was previously identified via classical FTIR measurements. Additionally, taking advantage of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy more detailed information on changes of the protein secondary structure was revealed. The developed method facilitates in situ, sensitive, and more in-depth probing of protein secondary structures, which represents a significant advancement compared to conventional characterization methods.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticlePDF/2015/AN/C4AN01495B

Probing the secondary structure of bovine serum albumin during heat-induced denaturation using mid-infrared fiberoptic sensors

4 – Single Optical Fibers

The effect of complex coupling coefficients on the performance of distributed feedback (DFB) lasers is studied. The physical origins of a complex coupling coefficient are specified, and its relation with gain or loss mechanisms which occur inside the laser is discussed. Numerical results are presented for the oscillation frequencies, threshold gains, and intensity patterns of the longitudinal modes of the DFB laser.

Abraham Katzir

Papers

Lasers and Optical Fibers in Medicine

Theory of fiber-optic, evanescent-wave spectroscopy and sensors.

Probing the secondary structure of bovine serum albumin during heat-induced denaturation using mid-infrared fiberoptic sensors

4 – Single Optical Fibers

The effect of complex coupling coefficients on distributed feedback lasers