No doubt that antibiotics are a miracle drugs. They stands against various infectious diseases for decades and saved millions of lives. However, the recent failure of antibiotics due to the dramatic emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens and the rapid spread of the new infections, urge the health organizations and pharmaceutical industries all over the world to change their strategy and stop going on the slow growing production of more synthetic antibiotics against the fast growing antibiotics-resistant microorganisms, while there are considerable alternative sources of natural antimicrobials from plants with different mode of actions, some of them are employed in traditional medicine for centuries and was found to have competitive effects compared to some commercial antibiotics. This review presents the potency of plants as alternative source for antimicrobials.

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Plants: An alternative source for antimicrobials

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/35892/1/document_21043_1.pdf

Activity of phenolic compounds from plant origin against Candida species

Review of flavonoids: A diverse group of natural compounds with anti-Candida albicans activity in vitro

This study was conducted to determine extracts of fruit used as food ingredients and in traditional medicine for antibacterial activities. The effect of Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens methanol and aqueous extracts on selected bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysenteriae) were investigated. Both extracts were found to be effective against Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium, while methanol extracts showed the greatest effect. The extract from Capsicum annuum showed a higher antibacterial activity than the one from Capsicum frutescens. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of methanol and aqueous extracts were 0.20 mg mL−1 and 0.25 mg mL−1, respectively. Minimal bactericidal concentrations values of both extracts ranged from 1 to 2.5 mg mL−1. Phytochemical assay revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and sterols. Thus, Capsicum fruits may serve as a so...

Antibacterial Activity of Two Bell Pepper Extracts: Capsicum annuum L. and Capsicum frutescens

Candida is a serious life-threatening pathogen, particularly with immunocompromised patients. Candida infections are considered as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in a broad range of immunocompromised patients. Candida infections are common in hospitalized patients and elderly people. The difficulty to eradicate Candida infections is owing to its unique switch between yeast and hyphae forms and more likely to biofilm formations that render resistance to antifungal therapy. Plants are known sources of natural medicines. Several plants show significant anti-Candida activities and some of them have lower minimum inhibitory concentration, making them promising candidates for anti-Candida therapy. However, none of these plant products is marketed for anti-Candida therapy because of lack of sufficient information about their efficacy, toxicity, and kinetics. This review revises major plants that have been tested for anti-Candida activities with recommendations for further use of some of these plants for more investigation and in vivo testing including the use of nanostructure lipid system.

Plants' Natural Products as Alternative Promising Anti-Candida Drugs.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Thonningia sanguinea against two sensitive and two multi-drug resistant (ESBL) Enterobacteria strains namely Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Method: The confirmation of the ESBL producing strains was done by the double-disc synergy tests and the broth dilution method was used for the determination of the antimicrobial parameters (MIC and MBC) on these sensitive and ESBL producing strains. Results: The two sensitive strains had the same MIC and MBC values respectively 3.125 mg /ml and 12.50 mg/ml. The ESBL producing strains also had the same MIC of 6.25 mg /ml and MBC values of 25 mg/ml. The extract was bactericidal for all tested strains. Conclusion: The results suggest that the flowers of T. sanguinea can be used in association with antibiotics for alternative therapy of diseases caused by ESBL producing E .coli, K. pneumoniae.

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Antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea against Extended-Spectrum-β- Lactamases (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains

The aim of the present study was to compare antifungal activity of various extracts (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts) of Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh (Rubiaceae) and investigate their phytochemical screening in order to determine which components give potency to the extract that show highest antifungal activity. M. morindoidesleaves were extracted in water (Etaq), ethanol (Eeth), ethyl acetate (Eace) and hexane (Ehex) and each extract was tested against Candida albicans (yeast) and Trichophyton rubrum(mould). Agar dilution method at serial concentrations ranging from 125 to 1.95 mg/ml was used for the determination of the antifungal parameters- minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and concentration producing 50% inhibition (IC50) for these strains. Phytochemical screening of the extracts of leaves of M. morindoides showed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, quinones and sterols in various concentrations. The ethyl acetate did not contain tannins and quinones. Polyphenols, saponins and quinones were absent in hexane extract. Compared to other extracts (Etaq, Eeth and Eace) of M. morindoides, hexane extract showed the highest antifungal activity against C. albicans with the MIC of 31.25 mg/ml and IC50 of 6.17±1.04 mg/ml. The same extract presents the strongest activity against T. rubrum with the MIC of 15.62 mg/ml and IC50 of 2.68±1.19 mg/ml. Among the extracts of M. morindoides leaves, hexane extracts exerted best antifungal potency against strains which are mostly responsible for superficial mycoses. Thus, this extract may be used for the treatment of dermatomycoses.

	 

	Key words: Morinda morindoides, antifungal activity, hexane extract, dermatomycoses.

Phytochemical screening and in vitro antifungal activities of extracts of leaves of Morinda morindoides (Morinda, Rubiaceae)

Morinda morindoides est une plante qui est citee de facon recurrente dans plusieurs prescriptions therapeutiques. Afin de mieux connaitre cette plante et de pouvoir l’identifier sur le terrain, nous avons, dans cette etude, fait sa description botanique suivie d’une exploration de son activite antifongique. Il ressort de cette etude que Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae) est une espece guineo-congolaise qui se retrouve dans les lisieres des forets. C’est une liane grimpante avec des feuilles opposees et possedant des fruits bosseles. Cette plante possede une activite antifongique in vitro sur Cryptococcus neoformans. Parmi les extraits testes, la fraction 1 (F1) (CMF = 0,78 mg/ml; CI50 = 0,08 ± 0,02 mg/ml) est la plus active.

Étude botanique et exploration de l’activité antifongique de Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh. sur la croissance in vitro de Cryptococcus neoformans

This paper aims to evaluate the in vitro anticancer activity of aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius l eaves on the murin mastocytoma cancer cell line (P815), and the phytochemical analysis of the extract as well. The Aqueous extract (ETA), was obtained by traditional method a dapted to laboratory conditions and the phytochemic al analysis was based on differential staining and precipitation reaction s. In vitro anticancer effect was evaluated by the cellular cytotoxicity against the murin mastocytoma cell line (P815). Cellular cytotoxicity was determ ined by the MTT assay. Phytochemical screening of aqueous extra ct showed several chemical groups: alkaloids, flavo noids (flavones), tannins, coumarins, sterol, triterpenoi ds, saponins and reducing compounds. The in vitro a nticancer effect, showed a dose dependant cytotoxic effect. I t was observed, that the maximum activity of the ex tract at the highest concentration tested (200μ g/mL) was 50% (±1 .5). Further on lower doses of 3.12; 6.25; 12.15; 2 5 and 50 μ g/mL percent growth inhibition observed by the ext ract was between 43 and 47 %, the IC50 value of the extract (200μ g/mL. Our results suggest that aqueous extract of A. precatorius leaves contains several chemical groups and possess a weak in vitro anticancer effect against P 815 tumor cell line.

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anticancer effect of aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius Linn

Background : The emergence of strains of S.enterica with multiple drug resistance (MDR) is of great concern worldwide.The extracts of flowers of Thonningia sanguinea are used in traditional medicine in Ivory Coast to treat diarrhoeal diseases including salmonellosis. Previous studies had shown inhibition of the MDR strain Salmonella Enteritidis lysotype 6. Objectives: The present study focused to investigate the effect of the extract of the flowers of Thonningia sanguinea on some clinical MDR strains of Salmonella namely S.Tyhpi, S. Typhimurium, S. Hadar and a sensitive strain (S.Enteritidis). Methods: The antimicrobial parameters were determined by double dilution with agar slant method. This method led us to determine MIC, IC 50 and MBC. Results: The MDR strain of S.Typhimurium presented the highest MIC (2.5 mg/ml) whereas the other two MDR strains (S.Hadar, S.Typhi) and the sensitive one (S.Enteritidis) had the same MIC (1.25 mg/ml). The four strains presented the same MBC (2.5 mg/ml). The MDR strain of S.Typhi is the most susceptible strain to the aqueous extract of the flowers of Thonningia sanguinea according to The IC 50 values. Conclusions: The aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea can provide an alternative therapy for the treatment of salmonellosis, mainly for typhoid fever caused by MDR strains of S Typhi. The extract also inhibits S.Hadar a MDR emerging strain in Ivory Coast. Key-words: Thonningia sanguinea; Salmonella, MDR strains, Ivory Coast African Health Sciences 2007; 7(3):155-158

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Adama Coulibaly

Papers

Antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea against Extended-Spectrum-β- Lactamases (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains

Phytochemical screening and in vitro antifungal activities of extracts of leaves of Morinda morindoides (Morinda, Rubiaceae)

Étude botanique et exploration de l’activité antifongique de Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh. sur la croissance in vitro de Cryptococcus neoformans

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anticancer effect of aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius Linn

Antibacterial activity of Thonningia sanguinea against some multi- drug resistant strains of Salmonella enterica