No doubt that antibiotics are a miracle drugs. They stands against various infectious diseases for decades and saved millions of lives. However, the recent failure of antibiotics due to the dramatic emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens and the rapid spread of the new infections, urge the health organizations and pharmaceutical industries all over the world to change their strategy and stop going on the slow growing production of more synthetic antibiotics against the fast growing antibiotics-resistant microorganisms, while there are considerable alternative sources of natural antimicrobials from plants with different mode of actions, some of them are employed in traditional medicine for centuries and was found to have competitive effects compared to some commercial antibiotics. This review presents the potency of plants as alternative source for antimicrobials.

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Plants: An alternative source for antimicrobials

This study was conducted to determine extracts of fruit used as food ingredients and in traditional medicine for antibacterial activities. The effect of Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens methanol and aqueous extracts on selected bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysenteriae) were investigated. Both extracts were found to be effective against Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium, while methanol extracts showed the greatest effect. The extract from Capsicum annuum showed a higher antibacterial activity than the one from Capsicum frutescens. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of methanol and aqueous extracts were 0.20 mg mL−1 and 0.25 mg mL−1, respectively. Minimal bactericidal concentrations values of both extracts ranged from 1 to 2.5 mg mL−1. Phytochemical assay revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and sterols. Thus, Capsicum fruits may serve as a so...

Antibacterial Activity of Two Bell Pepper Extracts: Capsicum annuum L. and Capsicum frutescens

Ethnobotanical knowledge is important among tribal people, but much of the information is empirical due to the lack of scientific validation. The purpose of this study was to document the medicinal plants used by an ethnic group (Yakkha) at Chanuwa VDC of Dhankuta district in Nepal and to validate scientifically in the use of plants based on results of phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant property analyses and available literature reports. Data were collected through interviews of the Yakkha people with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field walk method. A total of 30 different medicinal plants were recorded along with their vernacular names (for few plants) used by the Yakkha community’s people. Literature review reveals that most of the plant species described herein have also been used in other countries, too. Among 30 plants selected for this study methanol extract of five ethno-medicinal plants viz., Dendrocnide sinuata, Solanum anguivi, Pogostemon cablin, Boehmeria platyphylla and Clerodendrum trichotomum and ethanol extract of C. trichotomum were subjected for antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The antimicrobial activities were measured using the paper disc diffusion method. The antioxidant properties of plants were measured by DPPH and FRAP reduction assay. Among all extracts, ethanol extract of C. trichotomum and methanol extract of B. platyphylla displayed the highest antibacterial and antioxidant activities, respectively.

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Scientific validation of medicinal plants used by Yakkha community of Chanuwa VDC, Dhankuta, Nepal

Infectious diseases are the world’s leading cause of premature deaths, killing almost 50,000 people every day. In recent years, drug resistance to human pathogenic bacteria has been commonly reported from all over the world (N’guessan et al., 2007). The abusive and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial compounds over many years is the main factor responsible for the appearance of the phenomenon of bacterial resistance to such compounds (Andremont, 2001). With increased incidence of resistance to antibiotics, natural products from plants could be interesting alternatives (Lu et al., 2007; Mbwambo et al., 2007). Some plant extracts and phytochemicals are known to have antimicrobial properties, and can be of great significance in therapeutic treatments. In the last few years, a number of studies have been conducted in different countries to demonstrate such efficacy (BenoitVical et al., 2006; Senatore et al., 2007; Singh et al., 2007). On the other hand, free radicals are known to be the major cause of various chronic and degenerative diseases. Oxidative stress is associated with pathogenic mechanisms of many diseases including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes and inflammatory diseases, as well as aging processes. It is defined as an imbalance between production of free radicals and reactive metabolites, so-called oxidants, and it also includes their elimination by protective mechanisms, referred to as antioxidative systems. This imbalance leads to damage of important biomolecules and organs with potential impact on the whole organism. Antioxidants can delay, inhibit or prevent the oxidation of oxidizable materials by scavenging free radicals and diminishing oxidative stress (Durackova, 2010; Reuter et al., 2010). Natural antioxidants have been studied extensively for decades in order to find compounds protecting against a number of diseases related to oxidative stress and free radical-induced damage. To date, many plants have been claimed to pose beneficial health effects such as antioxidant properties (Kaur & Arora, 2009; Newman & Cragg 2007). According to World Health Organization (WHO), 65 80% of the world populations rely on traditional medicine to treat various diseases (Kaur & Arora, 2009). The WHO recommends

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Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Some Plant Extracts

Combretum is the largest and most widespread genus of Combretaceae. The genus comprises approximately 250 species distributed throughout the tropical regions mainly in Africa and Asia. With increasing chemical and pharmacological investigations, Combretum has shown its potential as a source of various secondary metabolites. Combretum extracts or isolates have shown in vitro bioactivitities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antihyperglycemic, cytotoxicity against various human tumor cell lines, anti-inflammatory, anti-snake, antimalarial and antioxidant effects. In vivo studies through various animal models have also shown promising results. However, chemical constituents and bioactivities of most species of this highly diversified genus have not been investigated. The molecular mechanism of bioactivities of Combretum isolates remains elusive. This review focuses on the chemistry of 261 compounds isolated and identified from 31 species of Combretum. The phytochemicals of interest are non-essential oil compounds belonging to the various structural groups such as terpenoids, flavonoids, phenanthrenes and stilbenoids.

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Phytochemical Constituents of Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Thonningia sanguinea against two sensitive and two multi-drug resistant (ESBL) Enterobacteria strains namely Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Method: The confirmation of the ESBL producing strains was done by the double-disc synergy tests and the broth dilution method was used for the determination of the antimicrobial parameters (MIC and MBC) on these sensitive and ESBL producing strains. Results: The two sensitive strains had the same MIC and MBC values respectively 3.125 mg /ml and 12.50 mg/ml. The ESBL producing strains also had the same MIC of 6.25 mg /ml and MBC values of 25 mg/ml. The extract was bactericidal for all tested strains. Conclusion: The results suggest that the flowers of T. sanguinea can be used in association with antibiotics for alternative therapy of diseases caused by ESBL producing E .coli, K. pneumoniae.

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Antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea against Extended-Spectrum-β- Lactamases (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains

une insuffisance des bases donnees. Les valeurs obtenues sur l\'ensemble des serums des animaux ont permis d\'observer les moyennes au niveau de la glycemie (0,79 ± 0,18 g/l) et des metabolites tels que, l\'uree (0,42 ± 0,10 g/l), la creatinine (6,88 ± 1,66 mg/l), l\'acide urique (5,42 3,75 mg/l), le cholesterol total (0,55 ± 0,13 mg/l), les triglycerides
(2,18 ± 1,23 g/l), les proteines totales (26,00 ± 15,16 g/l), les bilirubines totales (7,25 ± 1,07 mg/l) et les bilirubines directes 1,58 ± 0,38 mg/l. Concernant les enzymes, les determinations des valeurs ont ete faites pour la transaminase alanine - aminotransferase (45,52 ± 20,54 UI/l), la transaminase aspartate - aminotransferase (21,24 ± 9,89 UI/l), les
phosphatases alcalines (432,66 ± 207,8 UI/l), la a Glutamyl transferase (24,24 ± 15,21 UI/l), les creatine phosphokinases (954 ± 343,4 UI/l), les lactates deshydrogenases (1135 ± 335,93 UI/l) et enfin les amylases (114,72 ± 27,99 UI/l). Par ailleurs, les moyennes des ions ont ete determinees pour le calcium (94 ± 4,43 mg/l), le magnesium (15,72 ± 2,49 mg/
l), le phosphore (26,70 ± 10,51 mg/l), le fer serique (1,33 ± 0,74 mg/l), le sodium (141,89 ± 3,96 mg/l), le potassium (3,89 ± 0,38 mg/l) et enfin le chlore (100,85 ± 3,04 mg/l).
En conclusion, les valeurs obtenues en zone tropicale necessitent une evaluation avec un echantillonnage plus grand pour des comparaisons avec des donnees europeennes Study of biochemical serum constituents among rabbits (Neozelandais-cunistar) in Cote d\'Ivoire is carried out as a result insufficiency of available data. Values acquired from all animals serum allowed to look at glycemia (0.79 ± 0.18 g/l) and metabolites related averages such as, urea (0.42 ± 0.10 g/l), creatinine (6.88 ± 1.66 mg/l), uric acid (5.42 ± 3.75 mg/l), total cholesterol (0.55 ± 0.13 mg/l), triglycol (2.18 ± 1.23 g/l), total proteins (26.00 ± 15.16 g/l), total bilirubins (7.25 ± 1.07 mg/l) and bilirubins direct (1.58 ± 0.38 mg/l). Concerning enzymes, averages were worked out for alanine - aminotransferase (45.52 ± 20.54 UI/l), aspartate - aminotransferase (21.24 ± 9.89 UI/l), phosphatases alkaline (432.66 ± 207.8 UI/l), a Glutamyl transferase (24.24 ± 15.21 UI/l), creatine kinase (954 ± 343.4 UI/l), lactate deshydrogenase (1135 ± 335.93 UI/l) and the amylases (114.72 ± 27.99 UI/l). Besides as to ions, the averages were determined for calcium (94 ± 4.43 mg/l), magnesium (15.72 ± 2.49 mg/l), phosphor (26.70 ± 10.51 mg/l), iron serum (1.33 ± 0.74 mg/l), sodium (141.89 ± 3.96 mg/l), potassium (3.89 ± 0.38 mg/l) and chlorine (100.85 ± 3.04 mg/l). In short, the values obtained in tropical area require assessment with a larger sampling for comparisons with European data. Keywords : parametr.es seriques, Neozelandais -Cunistar, lapin./serum parameters, Neozelandais - Cunistar, rabbit. Sciences & Nature Vol. 4 (1) 2007: pp. 37-43

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Etude des paramètres sériques biochimiques : le cas des lapins (Néozelandais – cunistar) de Côte d\'ivoire.

Background : The emergence of strains of S.enterica with multiple drug resistance (MDR) is of great concern worldwide.The extracts of flowers of Thonningia sanguinea are used in traditional medicine in Ivory Coast to treat diarrhoeal diseases including salmonellosis. Previous studies had shown inhibition of the MDR strain Salmonella Enteritidis lysotype 6. Objectives: The present study focused to investigate the effect of the extract of the flowers of Thonningia sanguinea on some clinical MDR strains of Salmonella namely S.Tyhpi, S. Typhimurium, S. Hadar and a sensitive strain (S.Enteritidis). Methods: The antimicrobial parameters were determined by double dilution with agar slant method. This method led us to determine MIC, IC 50 and MBC. Results: The MDR strain of S.Typhimurium presented the highest MIC (2.5 mg/ml) whereas the other two MDR strains (S.Hadar, S.Typhi) and the sensitive one (S.Enteritidis) had the same MIC (1.25 mg/ml). The four strains presented the same MBC (2.5 mg/ml). The MDR strain of S.Typhi is the most susceptible strain to the aqueous extract of the flowers of Thonningia sanguinea according to The IC 50 values. Conclusions: The aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea can provide an alternative therapy for the treatment of salmonellosis, mainly for typhoid fever caused by MDR strains of S Typhi. The extract also inhibits S.Hadar a MDR emerging strain in Ivory Coast. Key-words: Thonningia sanguinea; Salmonella, MDR strains, Ivory Coast African Health Sciences 2007; 7(3):155-158

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Antibacterial activity of Thonningia sanguinea against some multi- drug resistant strains of Salmonella enterica

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Antibacterial Activity of Thonningia SanguineaAgainst Some Multi-drugResistant Strains of Salmonella Enterica

Cette etude a ete consacree a l’analyse des effets inhibiteurs de l’extrait aqueux de Combretum molle sur les variations des amplitudes respiratoires et la toux. Nous avons observe que l’injection de cet extrait aux doses testees (3,33 mg/kg, 7,14 mg/kg) ne produit aucun effet sur la respiration normale du lapin. Par ailleurs, l’injection de 0,2 ml d’acetylcholine (714.10−3 mg/kg) a induit un pourcentage estime a − 100 %. Toutefois, l’injection combinee de l’acetylcholine (0,2 ml, 714.10−3 mg/kg) et de doses croissantes d’extrait aqueux de Combretum molle (3,33 mg/kg, 3,5 mg/kg, 7,14mg/kg) a induit une reduction du pourcentage de variation des amplitudes respiratoires de — 100 % a — 20 ± 0,5 %. En outre, nous avons teste les effets de l’extrait aqueux sur la toux. Les cobayes non traites par cet extrait de Combretum molle donnent en moyenne 10,25 ± 0,95 toux sur dix minutes. Ce lot constitue le temoin. En revanche, le pretraitement des cobayes par 3 mg/kg d’extrait total a provoque 8,25 ± 0,45 toux pendant dix minutes. Alors qu’avec 30 mg/kg la reduction est passee de 10,25 ± 0,95 a 4,5 ± 0,25 toux. Ces resultats nous ont permis de conclure que l’extrait aqueux presente des effets inhibiteurs sur la toux et les bronchoconstrictions induites par l’acetylcholine.

F Guede-Guina

Papers

Antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea against Extended-Spectrum-β- Lactamases (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains

Etude des paramètres sériques biochimiques : le cas des lapins (Néozelandais – cunistar) de Côte d\'ivoire.

Antibacterial activity of Thonningia sanguinea against some multi- drug resistant strains of Salmonella enterica

Antibacterial Activity of Thonningia SanguineaAgainst Some Multi-drugResistant Strains of Salmonella Enterica

Évaluation de l'activité antiasthmatique et antitussive de Combretum molle, plante médicinale de la pharmacopée ivoirienne