Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation

Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries have attracted great attention particularly in large-scale electric energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid because of the huge abundant sodium resources and low cost. In this article, a variety of electrode materials including cathodes and anodes as well as electrolytes for room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries are briefly reviewed. We compare the difference in storage behavior between Na and Li in their analogous electrodes and summarize the sodium storage mechanisms in the available electrode materials. This review also includes some new results from our group and our thoughts on developing new materials. Some perspectives and directions on designing better materials for practical applications are pointed out based on knowledge from the literature and our experience. Through this extensive literature review, the search for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials for stationary sodium-ion batteries is still challenging. However, after intensive research efforts, we believe that low-cost, long-life and room-temperature sodium-ion batteries would be promising for applications in large-scale energy storage system in the near future.

Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage

1. Setting the Scope of the Challenge 6474 1.1. The Need for Solar Energy Supply and Storage 6474 1.2. An Imperative for Discovery Research 6477 1.3. Scope of Review 6478 2. Large-Scale Centralized Energy Storage 6478 2.1. Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage (PHES) 6479 2.2. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 6480 3. Smaller Scale Grid and Distributed Energy Storage 6481 3.1. Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) 6481 3.2. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 6482 4. Chemical Energy Storage: Electrochemical 6482 4.1. Batteries 6482 4.1.1. Lead-Acid Batteries 6483 4.1.2. Alkaline Batteries 6484 4.1.3. Lithium-Ion Batteries 6484 4.1.4. High-Temperature Sodium Batteries 6484 4.1.5. Liquid Flow Batteries 6485 4.1.6. Metal-Air Batteries 6485 4.2. Capacitors 6485 5. Chemical Energy Storage: Solar Fuels 6486 5.1. Solar Fuels in Nature 6486 5.2. Artificial Photosynthesis and General Considerations of Water Splitting 6486

Solar Energy Supply and Storage for the Legacy and Nonlegacy Worlds

Increasing demand for finding eco-friendly and everlasting energy sources is now totally depending on fuel cell technology. Though it is an eco-friendly way of producing energy for the urgent requirements, it needs to be improved to make it cheaper and more eco-friendly. Although there are several types of fuel cells, the hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) fuel cell is the one with zero carbon emission and water as the only byproduct. However, supplying fuels in the purest form (at least the H2) is essential to ensure higher life cycles and less decay in cell efficiency. The current large-scale H2 production is largely dependent on steam reforming of fossil fuels, which generates CO2 along with H2 and the source of which is going to be depleted. As an alternate, electrolysis of water has been given greater attention than the steam reforming. The reasons are as follows: the very high purity of the H2 produced, the abundant source, no need for high-temperature, high-pressure reactors, and so on. In earlier days,...

Recent Trends and Perspectives in Electrochemical Water Splitting with an Emphasis on Sulfide, Selenide, and Phosphide Catalysts of Fe, Co, and Ni: A Review

Large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable energy (namely wind energy and solar PV) may entail new challenges in power systems and more volatility in power prices in liberalized electricity markets. Energy storage can diminish this imbalance, relieving the grid congestion, and promoting distributed generation. The economic implications of grid-scale electrical energy storage technologies are however obscure for the experts, power grid operators, regulators, and power producers. A meticulous techno-economic or cost-benefit analysis of electricity storage systems requires consistent, updated cost data and a holistic cost analysis framework. To this end, this study critically examines the existing literature in the analysis of life cycle costs of utility-scale electricity storage systems, providing an updated database for the cost elements (capital costs, operational and maintenance costs, and replacement costs). Moreover, life cycle costs and levelized cost of electricity delivered by electrical energy storage is analyzed, employing Monte Carlo method to consider uncertainties. The examined energy storage technologies include pumped hydropower storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheel, electrochemical batteries (e.g. lead–acid, NaS, Li-ion, and Ni–Cd), flow batteries (e.g. vanadium-redox), superconducting magnetic energy storage, supercapacitors, and hydrogen energy storage (power to gas technologies). The results illustrate the economy of different storage systems for three main applications: bulk energy storage, T&D support services, and frequency regulation.

Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis

To cover a broader area, telecom infrastructures are most often installed in remote area, difficult to access, especially during winter, and are not linked to the electric grid. Nevertheless, telecom infrastructures require continuous, stable, and safe energy supply, and, as a result, in most - if not all - locations, diesel generators are used. In this paper, we study the feasibility of a new combined wind-diesel-compressed air storage power generation system. The modelling of the proposed system takes into account the amount of energy produced and stored (reservoir size, engine size, storage capacity, energy density, etc), the fuel and maintenance savings, and the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.

A hybrid wind-diesel-compressed air system for remote telecom infrastructures = Système hybride éolien-diesel avec stockage d'air comprimé pour l'électrification d'une station de télécommunications isolée

The renewable energy station comprising: a housing containing a main central controller and an electrical power distribution center connected to this main central controller. The station comprises wind turbines solar panels, batteries, and a gas/diesel engine-generator. Loads are connected to the electrical power distribution center. The wind turbines and the solar panels are grouped into a plurality of generating cells wherein each generating cell comprises at least one wind turbine and at least one solar panel. The main central controller and the electrical distribution center jointly have switching and control equipment therein for selectively connecting and disconnecting each of the loads to and from the electrical power distribution center. Reactive-type loads are given priority over resistive-type loads. The heat from the gas/diesel engine-generator is used to melt snow and ice from the solar panels. Tandem connection of two stations is done via an inlet receptacle on each station.

Multi-source renewable energy station

With stricter IMO regulations on CO2 taking effect in 2023 and ambitious goals to reduce carbon intensity by 2030, the maritime industry is scrambling to clean up its act. Conventional methods and equipment are now being reevaluated, upgraded or completely replaced. The difference between a short-term fix and a long-term sustainable option is how flexible vessels will be to use new energy sources or technology as they become viable. The review discusses the recent literature on renewable energy sources, technical and operational strategies for new and existing ships, technology maturity, and alternative fuels. It is found that the IMO’s targets can be met by combining two or three technologies, or via a radical technology shift which can provide innovative, high-efficiency solutions from an environmental and economic standpoint. It has also been noted that policies and enforcement are essential management instruments for mitigating the unfavourable environmental effects of marine transportation and directing the maritime industry toward sustainability on a regional, national, and international scale.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/21/7910/pdf?version=1667546873

Ship Energy Efficiency and Maritime Sector Initiatives to Reduce Carbon Emissions

Study of aeroelastic phenomena on wind turbines (WT) has become a very important issue when it comes to safety and economical considerations as WT tend towards gigantism and flexibility. At the Wind Energy Research Laboratory (WERL), several studies and papers have been produced, all focusing on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches to model and simulate different aeroleastic phenomena. Despite very interesting obtained results; CFD is very costly and difficult to be directly used for control purposes due to consequent computational time. This paper, hence, describes a complementary lumped system approach to CFD to model flutter phenomenon. This model is based on a described Matlab-Simulink model that integrates turbulence characteristics as well as characteristics aerodynamic physics. From this model, we elaborate on flutter Eigen modes and Eigen values in an aim to apply control strategies and relates ANSYS based CFD modeling to the lumped system.

https://gaiapresse.ca/images/UserFiles/File/Modeling%20of%20aerodynamic%20flutter%20on%20a%20NACA%204412%20airfoil%20wind%20blade%28final%29.pdf

Modeling of aerodynamic flutter on a NACA 4412 airfoil wind blade

In this paper, the control design of new Eco-friendly microgrid based on Wind/Diesel/Battery is investigated. Wind turbine (WT) driven variable speed permanent magnet brushless DC generator (PMBLDCG) is tied to the DC bus through three phase diode bridge rectifier and a DC/DC boost converter. Perturbation and observation technique (P&O) is used to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT) from WT without rotor speed sensing. Diesel engine (DE) driven variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is connected to the DC bus through three phase diode bridge rectifier and DC/DC boost converter. It is controlled to operate according to the load power demand and the state of charge of battery (SOC%). The measured power at the DC bus is used to estimate the reference rotor speed by using reel power-speed curve. A neutral point 3-phase 4-wire inverter topology is considered as interfacing power converter. To regulate the system frequency and AC voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC), control strategy based on decomposition in symmetrical components of the load voltages and currents is developed. To protect battery energy storage system from overcharging, dump load is used. Performance of the proposed system and its developed control strategies, are tested under presence of severe conditions using Matlab/Simulink.

Adrian Ilinca

Papers

A hybrid wind-diesel-compressed air system for remote telecom infrastructures = Système hybride éolien-diesel avec stockage d'air comprimé pour l'électrification d'une station de télécommunications isolée

Multi-source renewable energy station

Ship Energy Efficiency and Maritime Sector Initiatives to Reduce Carbon Emissions

Modeling of aerodynamic flutter on a NACA 4412 airfoil wind blade

Control design of new eco-friendly microgrid based on Wind/Diesel/Battery driven variable speed generators