Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation

Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries have attracted great attention particularly in large-scale electric energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid because of the huge abundant sodium resources and low cost. In this article, a variety of electrode materials including cathodes and anodes as well as electrolytes for room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries are briefly reviewed. We compare the difference in storage behavior between Na and Li in their analogous electrodes and summarize the sodium storage mechanisms in the available electrode materials. This review also includes some new results from our group and our thoughts on developing new materials. Some perspectives and directions on designing better materials for practical applications are pointed out based on knowledge from the literature and our experience. Through this extensive literature review, the search for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials for stationary sodium-ion batteries is still challenging. However, after intensive research efforts, we believe that low-cost, long-life and room-temperature sodium-ion batteries would be promising for applications in large-scale energy storage system in the near future.

Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage

1. Setting the Scope of the Challenge 6474 1.1. The Need for Solar Energy Supply and Storage 6474 1.2. An Imperative for Discovery Research 6477 1.3. Scope of Review 6478 2. Large-Scale Centralized Energy Storage 6478 2.1. Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage (PHES) 6479 2.2. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 6480 3. Smaller Scale Grid and Distributed Energy Storage 6481 3.1. Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) 6481 3.2. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 6482 4. Chemical Energy Storage: Electrochemical 6482 4.1. Batteries 6482 4.1.1. Lead-Acid Batteries 6483 4.1.2. Alkaline Batteries 6484 4.1.3. Lithium-Ion Batteries 6484 4.1.4. High-Temperature Sodium Batteries 6484 4.1.5. Liquid Flow Batteries 6485 4.1.6. Metal-Air Batteries 6485 4.2. Capacitors 6485 5. Chemical Energy Storage: Solar Fuels 6486 5.1. Solar Fuels in Nature 6486 5.2. Artificial Photosynthesis and General Considerations of Water Splitting 6486

Solar Energy Supply and Storage for the Legacy and Nonlegacy Worlds

Increasing demand for finding eco-friendly and everlasting energy sources is now totally depending on fuel cell technology. Though it is an eco-friendly way of producing energy for the urgent requirements, it needs to be improved to make it cheaper and more eco-friendly. Although there are several types of fuel cells, the hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) fuel cell is the one with zero carbon emission and water as the only byproduct. However, supplying fuels in the purest form (at least the H2) is essential to ensure higher life cycles and less decay in cell efficiency. The current large-scale H2 production is largely dependent on steam reforming of fossil fuels, which generates CO2 along with H2 and the source of which is going to be depleted. As an alternate, electrolysis of water has been given greater attention than the steam reforming. The reasons are as follows: the very high purity of the H2 produced, the abundant source, no need for high-temperature, high-pressure reactors, and so on. In earlier days,...

Recent Trends and Perspectives in Electrochemical Water Splitting with an Emphasis on Sulfide, Selenide, and Phosphide Catalysts of Fe, Co, and Ni: A Review

Large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable energy (namely wind energy and solar PV) may entail new challenges in power systems and more volatility in power prices in liberalized electricity markets. Energy storage can diminish this imbalance, relieving the grid congestion, and promoting distributed generation. The economic implications of grid-scale electrical energy storage technologies are however obscure for the experts, power grid operators, regulators, and power producers. A meticulous techno-economic or cost-benefit analysis of electricity storage systems requires consistent, updated cost data and a holistic cost analysis framework. To this end, this study critically examines the existing literature in the analysis of life cycle costs of utility-scale electricity storage systems, providing an updated database for the cost elements (capital costs, operational and maintenance costs, and replacement costs). Moreover, life cycle costs and levelized cost of electricity delivered by electrical energy storage is analyzed, employing Monte Carlo method to consider uncertainties. The examined energy storage technologies include pumped hydropower storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheel, electrochemical batteries (e.g. lead–acid, NaS, Li-ion, and Ni–Cd), flow batteries (e.g. vanadium-redox), superconducting magnetic energy storage, supercapacitors, and hydrogen energy storage (power to gas technologies). The results illustrate the economy of different storage systems for three main applications: bulk energy storage, T&D support services, and frequency regulation.

Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis

In this paper, a novel process is developed to cogenerate 4741 kg/h of methanol, 297.7 kW of electricity, and 35.73 ton/h of hot water, including a hydrogen purification system, an absorption–compression refrigeration cycle (ACRC), a regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), and parabolic solar troughs. The heat produced in the methanol reactor is recovered in the ORC and ACRC. Parabolic solar troughs provide thermal power to the methanol distillation tower. Thermal efficiencies of the integrated structure and the liquid methanol production cycle are 78.14% and 60.91%, respectively. The process’s total exergy efficiency and irreversibility are 89.45% and 16.89 MW. The solar thermal collectors take the largest share of exergy destruction (34%), followed by heat exchangers (30%) and mixers (19%). Based on the sensitivity analysis, D17 (mixture of H2 and low-pressure fuel gas before separation) was the most influential stream affecting the performance of the process. With the temperature decline of stream D17 from −139 to −149 °C, the methanol production rate and the total thermal efficiency rose to 4741.2 kg/h and 61.02%, respectively. Moreover, the growth in the hydrogen content from 55% to 80% molar of the feed gas, the flow rate of liquid methanol, and the total exergy efficiency declined to 4487 kg/h and 86.05%.

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New Integrated Process for the Efficient Production of Methanol, Electrical Power, and Heating

A CFD analysis using ANSYS Fluent software was conducted to study the effects of collector slope on solar chimney's performances. Three solar chimney configurations, named A, B and C, which correspond to a slope of 0°, 2.5° and 5°, respectively, were studied. Both collector Radius and chimney height were fixed to 495m for the three configurations. For the three studied configurations, the pressure ratio was fixed to 0.9 and the solar radiation was varied from 200 W/m2 to 1100 W/m2. The results show that the thermodynamic performances of the solar chimney were enhanced by increasing the inclination angle of the collector roof. In fact, the power extracted from a sloped solar chimney power plant (SSCPP), the energetic and the exergetic efficiencies of the processes increase with increasing the inclination angle and the solar radiation value.

Energetic and exergetic evaluation of conventional and sloped solar chimney power plants

Sustainable wind energy development takes into account sociocultural variables that can be identified from citizens’ concerns about the use of this renewable energy These concerns are included in a multicriteria decision aid process, and, expressed as postulates in this study; they are subject to a robustness analysis The approach is described and applied to the Baie-des-Sables (Canada) Wind farm case study While this academic post-installation assessment does not affect the current operation of the farm which started back in November 2006, we conclude that if these concerns were considered, another wind farm scenario would have got a higher rating Robustness analysis with respect to communication tools or type of ownership of the wind farm made it possible to identify objective rules based on changes in the ranking of scenarios This change was verified using evaluation matrices containing different, maximum and proportional values with respect to the values of the original matrix The robustness analysis results made it possible to identify, in a conflict situation, opportunities to remove obstacles to wind farm implementation

MCDA: Measuring Robustness as a Tool to Address Strategic Wind Farms Issues

Wind turbine ice detection using hyperspectral imaging

This paper examines the feasibility of implementing a variable frequency drive based on real-time control of the stator speed for a standby diesel generating-set using Genset-Synchro technology. The controller algorithms are designed using the Code Composer Studio version 8.0 software in C code, which can be downloaded to the digital signal controller TMS320F28335 from Texas Instruments in real-time. The paper shows results for the compensator motor that drives the stator speed to maintain the voltage and frequency at the output fixed. The results show the possibility to meet the performance class criteria of ISO 8528 part 5 G2 when diesel generators are equipped with Genset-Synchro technology. Keywords— Variable Diesel Generator, Genset-Synchro, EoSynchro, Real-Time Control, ISO 8528, Variable Frequency Drive.

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Adrian Ilinca

Papers

New Integrated Process for the Efficient Production of Methanol, Electrical Power, and Heating

Energetic and exergetic evaluation of conventional and sloped solar chimney power plants

MCDA: Measuring Robustness as a Tool to Address Strategic Wind Farms Issues

Wind turbine ice detection using hyperspectral imaging

Integrated A Variable Frequency Drive for a Diesel-Generating Set using the Genset-Synchro Concept