The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method

Clinical applications of ginger with an expectation of clinical benefits are receiving significant attention. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion in terms of the clinical effects of ginger in all reported areas. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline, randomized controlled trials on the effects of ginger were investigated. Accordingly, 109 eligible papers were fully extracted in terms of study design, population characteristics, evaluation systems, adverse effects, and main outcomes. The reporting quality of the included studies was assessed based on the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized trials and integrated together with studies that investigated the same subjects. The included studies that examined the improvement of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, inflammation, metabolic syndromes, digestive function, and colorectal cancer’s markers were consistently supported, whereas other expected functions were relatively controversial. Nevertheless, only 43 clinical trials (39.4%) met the criterion of having a ‘high quality of evidence.’ In addition to the quality assessment result, small populations and unstandardized evaluation systems were the observed shortcomings in ginger clinical trials. Further studies with adequate designs are warranted to validate the reported clinical functions of ginger.

Ginger on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of 109 Randomized Controlled Trials.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, and its prevalence has been increasing in developed countries. Diabetic nephropathy has become the most common single cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Oxidative stress and inflammation factors are hypothesized to play a role in the development of late diabetes complications. Chronic hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress, significantly modifies the structure and function of proteins and lipids, and induces glycoxidation and peroxidation. Therefore, hyperglycemia causes auto-oxidation of glucose, glycation of proteins, and activation of polyol mechanism. Overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species contributes to several microvascular and macrovascular complications of DN. On the other hand, reactive oxygen species modulates signaling cascade of immune factors. An increase in reactive oxygen species can increase the production of inflammatory cytokines, and likewise, an increase in inflammatory cytokines can stimulate the production of free radicals. Some studies have shown that kidney inflammation is serious in promoting the development and progression of DN. Inflammatory factors which are activated by the metabolic, biochemical, and hemodynamic derangements are known to exist in the diabetic kidney. This review discusses facts for oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in DN and encompasses the role of immune and inflammatory cells, inflammatory cytokines, and stress oxidative factors.

Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Factors in Diabetic Kidney Disease.

Calendula officinalis	Linn. (Asteraceae) is used medicinally in
Europe, China and India amongst several places in the world. It is also
known as "African marigold" and has been a subject of several chemical
and pharmacological studies. It is used in traditional medicine,
especially for wound healing, jaundice, blood purification, and as an
antispasmodic. Chemical studies have underlined the presence of various
classes of compounds, the main being triterpenoids, flavonoids,
coumarines, quinones, volatile oil, carotenoids and amino acids. The
extract of this plant as well as pure compounds isolated from it, have
been demonstrated to possess multiple pharmacological activities such
as anti-HIV, cytotoxic, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic
and spasmogenic, amongst others. In this review, we have explored the
phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of C. officinalis in
order to collate existing information on this plant as well as
highlight its multi-activity properties as a medicinal agent. This is
as a result of the worldwide cultivation of the plant and increasing
published reports on it.

/pdf/phytochemical-constituents-and-pharmacological-activities-of-1g19kut05q.pdf

Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Calendulaofficinalis Linn (Asteraceae): A Review

Background Troxerutin is a flavonoid antioxidant that protect different organ against damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of troxerutin in reducing the damages caused by ischemia-reperfusion in rat's testis. Materials and methods 40 Male Wistar rats (2 month old) were divide to four groups (n=10). Group1 (sham), Group 2 (control, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) without treatment), Group 3 (I/R+150 mg/kg of troxerutin), and group 4 (I/R+20 mg/kg of vitamin C). Treatment of group 3 and group 4 during torsion (twists 720 counter clock at 90 min) followed by 50 days detorsion. After 50 days, blood samples were collected and rats in all study groups were killed and their testes were removed, and fixed with Bouin's solution. Testis was stained with hematoxylin and eosin dye and the level of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured with ELISEA methods. TUNEL was employed to detect apoptosis. Epididymis caudal part was removed and total sperm count was determined. Johnson techniques were used for assessment of seminiferous tubules quality. Results Troxerutin treated group has higher Johnson score's (p≤0.001), antiapoptotic properties (p≤0.001), sperm count (p=0.065), and higher LH (p≤0.001), FSH (p≤0.001) and testosterone (p=0.002) levels than control group. Vitamin C treated group showed increase level of testosterone but didn't show significant differences on the number of apoptotic cells, Johnson scores, LH, FSH and sperm count than control group. Conclusion Troxerutin has protective effects on testicular torsion induced injury and can ameliorate spermatogenesis in the torsion-detorsion models.

http://journals.ssu.ac.ir/ijrmnew/article-1-1107-en.pdf

Troxerutin protect sperm, seminiferous epithelium and pituitary-gonadal axis from torsion-detorsion injury: An experimental study

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells are more sensitive than other nephron tubular cells to injury induced by ischemia and nephrotoxins. After injury, some PCT cells die and disconnect fromÂ  basalÂ  laminaÂ  andÂ  finallyÂ  shedÂ  inÂ  tubularÂ  lumen.Â  InÂ  thisÂ  article,Â  weÂ  reviewedÂ  effectÂ  of ischemiaÂ  onÂ  PCTÂ  cells,Â  regenerationÂ  andÂ  originÂ  ofÂ  newlyÂ  formedÂ  PCTÂ  cellsÂ  andÂ  thenÂ  tight junction assembly between regenerating cells. PCT cells originate from any tubular differentiated cells that survived after injury. Survived cells dedifferentiate to scatter tubular cells (STCs) that proliferateÂ  andÂ  renewÂ  epithelialÂ  tubule.Â  STCsÂ  areÂ  presentÂ  inÂ  humanÂ  PCTÂ  inÂ  normalÂ  healthy condition but do not exist in normal rodents. A question has remained unclear, if the STCs are transient cells in regenerating PCT, why these cells are present in normal human PCT. Â  Please cite this paper as: Tavafi M, Hasanvand A, Ashoory H. Proximal convoluted tubule cells in ischemia and post-injury regeneration. Acta Persica Pathophysiol. 2016;1(1):e05.

Proximal convoluted tubule cells in ischemia and post-injury regeneration

The digestive system is one of the most important organs in the human body and is vulnerable to various diseases. Available drugs often have less efficacy or lead to many side effects. Therefore, alternative drugs are needed to treat gastrointestinal complications.The aim of this study was to introduce the most important medicinal plants on gastrointestinal disorders and to report medicinal plants used to treat common gastrointestinal diseases and disorders across the world. These plants play a traditional medical role in the treatment of parasitic diseases, diarrhea, reflux, gastroenteritis, digestive cancer, digestive disorders. Some of the most important medicinal plants in this article were addressed for the effect and mechanism of action. Based on the results obtained from the review of numerous articles, a number of plants have been reported to prevent digestive disorders and gastrointestinal cancers, including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ribes nigrum,Phyllanthus niruri, Newtonia hildebrandtii, Lantana camara, Persea, Maytenus, Streblus asper, Cordia myxa, Coriandrum sativum, Cyperus rotuntdus, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera, Plantago asiatica, Passiflora spp. Pharmacological studies are strongly recommended to investigate the therapeutic effects of herbal drugs so that their clinical effects and the use of their active ingredients are taken into account for the production of natural and useful drugs. The results of phytochemical studies of the herbs indicated that compounds such as kobusone, and isokobusone, rotundone, auxins and phenolic compounds, isoflavene glabrene, glabridin, phytoestrogens, glycosides, flavonoids, and saponins,and etc are the most important active and active compounds of these plants. In this way, herbs and herbs can produce natural drugs that affect the system and digestive disorders and reduce the pain and suffering of the patients.

Concise overview: A review on natural antioxidants and important herbal plants on gastrointestinal System

Introduction: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the main factors in pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the renoprotective effect of rosmarinic acid (ROA) as an antioxidant substance against renal I/R injury. Materials and Methods: Forty male rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 control; group 2 ischemia reperfusion (I/R). Groups 3, 4 and 5 I/R treated by ROA 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. The treated groups (groups 3, 4 and 5) received ROA one hour before ischemia induction. Renal ischemia was induced by ligating of renal vessels through vascular clips. After 45 minutes of ischemia, the clips were removed to make renal recirculation (reperfusion). Twenty-four hours after the onset of reperfusion, under anesthesia blood were sampled and kidneys were removed. The serum and supernatant of renal homogenate were prepared. Serum creatinine, nitric oxide (NO) and paraoxonase (PON) were measured. The concentration of renal malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity were assessed. Results: The administration of ROA, decreased serum creatinine and increased serum NO and PON compared to group 2 (P<0.05). Renal MDA, GSH, GPX and CAT activity improved significantly in animals that received ROA in comparison to group 2. Conclusion: Administration of ROA improved renal I/R injuries via inhibition of lipid peroxidation and increase of GSH, GPX, CAT, NO and PON.

Rosmarinic acid ameliorates renal ischemia reperfusion damage in rats

Chemotherapy induced-hepatotoxicity is one of the prevalent problems among cancer patients, with a wide spectrum of complications from liver dysfunction to liver necrosis. Therefore, in this study, we review the research findings on the effects of medicinal herbs and herbal compounds on the hepatotoxicity induced by anticancer drugs. The words hepatotoxicity and hepatoprotective along with the words cancer drug or chemotherapy in combination with some herbal terms such as medicinal plant, phyto* and herb* were used to search for relevant publications indexed in the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and PubMed. Available evidence shows that certain medicinal plants and herbal derivatives can reduce cancer drug-induced hepatotoxicity and protect liver cells against complications by regulating hepatic enzymes and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. Some herbal formulations, including traditional Chinese medicine, have also been reported to exhibit such effects. Medicinal plants can exert anti- hepatotoxicity effects mainly by increasing antioxidant activity, inhibiting inflammatory processes, and reducing cell necrosis induced by anti-cancer drugs. Phytotherapy can be used as an effective complementary treatment for anticancer drug- induced hepatotoxicity and prevent various complications in the liver.

https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/download/514/261

Afshin Hasanvand

Papers

Troxerutin protect sperm, seminiferous epithelium and pituitary-gonadal axis from torsion-detorsion injury: An experimental study

Proximal convoluted tubule cells in ischemia and post-injury regeneration

Concise overview: A review on natural antioxidants and important herbal plants on gastrointestinal System

Rosmarinic acid ameliorates renal ischemia reperfusion damage in rats

Phytotherapy: An anti-hepatotoxicity and hepatoprotective approach in chemotherapy