Non-metallic pipe (NMP) materials are used as an internal lining and standalone pipes in the oil and gas industry, constituting an emerging corrosion strategy. The NMP materials are inherently susceptible to gradual damage due to creep, fatigue, permeation, processing defects, and installation blunder. In the presence of acid gases (CO2, H2S), and hydrocarbons under high pressure and temperature, the main damage is due to permeation. The monitoring of possible damage due to permeation is not well defined, which leads to uncertainty in asset integrity management. Assessment of permeation damage is currently performed through mechanical, thermal, chemical, and structural properties, employing Tensile Test, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), to evaluate the change in tensile strength, elongation, weight loss or gain, crystallinity, chemical properties, and molecular structure. Coupons are commonly used to analyze the degradation of polymers. They are point sensors and did not give real-time information. Polymers are dielectric materials, and this dielectric property can be studied using Impedance Analyzer and Dielectric Spectroscopy. This review presents a brief status report on the failure of polymer liners in pipelines due to the exposure of acid gases, hydrocarbons, and other contaminants. Permeation, liner failures, the importance of monitoring, and new exclusive (dielectric) property are briefly discussed. An inclusive perspective is provided, showing the challenges associated with the monitoring of the polymer liner material in the pipeline as it relates to the life-time prediction requirement.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/10/2307/pdf

Permeation Damage of Polymer Liner in Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Review.

Behaviour and design of hollow and concrete-filled spiral welded steel tube columns subjected to axial compression

Effect of helix angle on residual stress in the spiral welded oil pipelines: Experimental and finite element modeling

Nonmetallic materials (polymers and composites) play a major role in oil and gas production as material option to reduce corrosion failures, weight, and cost. These materials have been widely used for decades and have the potential to expand both in new projects and rehabilitation of existing assets. Nonmetallic materials same as metals have their advantages and limitations; corrosion resistance and light weight are the most attractive properties, whereas their limited mechanical properties, temperature rating, and chemical resistance remain a distracting feature in limiting their wider use and acceptability. Lack of common design data and models to predict longer term behavior of these materials hinders the progress in development of the high-grade materials to rendering them more cost competitive with corrosion-resistant alloys. This chapter discusses the mechanical and chemical properties of these materials, product forms, applications, and limitations, highlighting success, limitation of data, examples of failure mechanisms, and future needs that will ensure further advances in the use of these materials.

Nonmetallics applications in oil and gas production (pipes, liners, rehabilitations)

espanolLos mecanismos de dano de corrosion por CO2 y desgaste abrasivo por arena han reducido la vida en servicio de las lineas de flujo y lineas colectoras en el campo Casabe localizado en la Cuenca del Valle del Rio Magdalena, en el Departamento de Antioquia en Colombia, requiriendo de una solucion efectiva y oportuna. En este trabajo pruebas de laboratorio ajustadas a las condiciones del fluido de produccion del campo Casabe fueron realizadas para evaluar la resistencia al desgaste abrasivo y corrosion por CO2 sobre secciones de tuberia de PEAD (Polietileno de Alta Densidad) y de acero al carbono API 5L grado X65. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo, mostraron que la resistencia del PEAD al desgaste abrasivo y corrosion por CO2 es significativa, siendo, tres veces mas alta comparada con el acero al carbono. Adicionalmente, las propiedades del PEAD permanecieron constantes al contrario del desempeno del acero al carbono durante el tiempo de prueba. Este resultado es probablemente debido a la mayor tenacidad y resistencia quimica del PEAD. Con base en estos resultados, se implemento una prueba a escala piloto para evaluar el comportamiento del encamisado de PEAD en una linea colectora con una vida en servicio entre 6 y 9 meses, la cual recoge los fluidos de diferentes lineas de flujo de los pozos productores. Despues de 12 meses, en servicio en la prueba piloto del encamisado evaluado mediante inspeccion visual y pruebas DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) se demuestra que el encamisado de PEAD expuesto en las condiciones del fluido multifasico con arena de produccion permanece estable, sin evidencia de ampollamiento, hinchamiento, ablandamiento o cambios en su geometria por la absorcion del hidrocarburo en su estructura fisica. Esto fue tambien evidenciado en los resultados de temperatura de fusion y cristalinidad obtenidos en los ensayos de DSC antes y despues de exposicion en las condiciones de campo. Ademas, el piloto de encamisado de PEAD despues de seis anos de servicio continua operando exitosamente. EnglishFailure mechanisms of CO2 corrosion and abrasive wear by production sand have reduced the service life of flowlines and collector lines in Casabe's mature field located in the middle Magdalena River Valley Basin of Colombia's Antioquia department, which has required a timely and effective solution. In this work, laboratory tests set to conditions of Casabe's production fluid were performed to assess abrasive wear and CO2 corrosion resistance on pipeline sections of both HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) and carbon steel API 5L grade X65. The results obtained showed that resistance of HDPE to abrasive wear and CO2 corrosion of HDPE is significant, being three times higher as compared with carbon steel. Additionally, material properties of HDPE remained constant in contrast to performance of carbon steel over time tests. This result is due to the toughness and chemical resistance of HDPE. Based on these results, a field trial was implemented to pilot-scale for evaluating the performance of HDPE liner in a collector line with a service life between 6 to 9 months, which collect fluids of different flowlines from producing wells. After 12 months in service, the field trial of the liner assessed through visual inspection and DSC tests revealed that HDPE liner exposed at multiphasic fluid conditions with production sand remained stable without evidence of swelling, blistering, softening or changes in its geometry associated with liquid hydrocarbon absorption in its physical structure. This was also evidenced in the results of melting temperature and crystallinity obtained from DSC tests before and after exposure to field conditions. Moreover, pilot tests with HDPE lining after six years of service still operate successfully.

/pdf/evaluation-and-implementation-of-high-density-polyethylene-4g89eaqa0o.pdf

Evaluation and implementation of high density polyethylene liner: alternative of solution to corrosion-wear problems in flowlines

Double submerged spiral-welded pipe (SWP) is used extensively throughout the world for large-diameter pipelines. Fabrication-induced residual stresses in spiral welded pipe have received increasing attention in gas, oil and petrochemical industry. Several studies reported in the literature verify the critical role of residual stresses in the failure of these pipes. Therefore, it is important that such stresses are accounted for in safety assessment procedures such as the British R6 and BS7910. This can be done only when detailed information on the residual stress distribution in the component is known. In industry, residual stresses in spiral welded pipe are measured experimentally by means of destructive techniques known as Ring Splitting Test. In this study, statistical analysis and linear-regression modeling were used to study the effect of several structural, material and welding parameters on ring splitting test opening for spiral welded pipes. The experimental results were employed to develop an appropriate regression equation, and to predict the residual stress on the spiral welded pipes. It was found that the developed regression equation explains 36.48% of the variability in the ring opening. In the second part, a 3-D finite element model is presented to perform coupled-field analysis of the welding of spiral pipe. Using this model, temperature as well as stress fields in the region of the weld edges is predicted.Copyright © 2012 by ASME

Ahmad S. Al-Omari

Papers

Estimation of Residual Stress in Spiral Welded Pipe: Regression and Numerical Model

Revolutionary Non-metallic Liners to Rehabilitate the Aged/Corroded Carbon Steel Water Injection Laterals

Refinery Caustic Injection Systems: Design, Operation, And Case Studies