Western-style Diet, pks Island-Carrying Escherichia coli, and Colorectal Cancer: Analyses from Two Large Prospective Cohort Studies.

In recent years, there has been a greater emphasis on the impact of microbial populations inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract on human health and disease. According to the involvement of microbiota in modulating physiological processes (such as immune system development, vitamins synthesis, pathogen displacement, and nutrient uptake), any alteration in its composition and diversity (i.e., dysbiosis) has been linked to a variety of pathologies, including cancer. In this bidirectional relationship, colonization with various bacterial species is correlated with a reduced or elevated risk of certain cancers. Notably, the gut microflora could potentially play a direct or indirect role in tumor initiation and progression by inducing chronic inflammation and producing toxins and metabolites. Therefore, identifying the bacterial species involved and their mechanism of action could be beneficial in preventing the onset of tumors or controlling their advancement. Likewise, the microbial community affects anti-cancer approaches' therapeutic potential and adverse effects (such as immunotherapy and chemotherapy). Hence, their efficiency should be evaluated in the context of the microbiome, underlining the importance of personalized medicine. In this review, we summarized the evidence revealing the microbiota's involvement in cancer and its mechanism. We also delineated how microbiota could predict colon carcinoma development or response to current treatments to improve clinical outcomes. 

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Emerging role of human microbiome in cancer development and response to therapy: special focus on intestinal microflora

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Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Due to the absence of specific early symptoms, most of CRC patients are often diagnosed at late stages. Different screening and diagnostic biomarkers are currently used for risk stratification and early detection of CRC, which might prolong the overall survival. High-throughput technologies have witnessed rapid advancements in the last decade. Consequently, the development of multiple omics technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and lipidomics, has been widely applied to develop novel biomarkers that could contribute to the clinical management of CRC. In this paper, we aim to summarize the recent advances and future perspectives in using multi-omics technologies in CRC research, and reveal the potential implications of multi-omics for discovering novel biomarkers and enhancing clinical evaluations. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common Cancer as well as the third leading cause of mortality around the world; its exact molecular mechanism remains elusive. Although CRC risk is significantly correlated with genetic factors, the pathophysiology of CRC is also influenced by external and internal exposures and their interactions with genetic factors. The field of CRC research has recently benefited from significant advances through Omics technologies for screening biomarkers, including genes, transcripts, proteins, metabolites, microbiome, and lipidome unbiasedly. A promising application of omics technologies could enable new biomarkers to be found for the screening and diagnosis of CRC. Single-omics technologies cannot fully understand the molecular mechanisms of CRC. Therefore, this review article aims to summarize the multi-omics studies of Colorectal cancer, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, microbiomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics that may shed new light on the discovery of novel biomarkers. It can contribute to identifying and validating new CRC biomarkers and better understanding colorectal carcinogenesis. Discovering biomarkers through multi-omics technologies could be difficult but valuable for disease genotyping and phenotyping. That can provide a better knowledge of CRC prognosis, diagnosis, and treatments.

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Multi-Omics Approaches in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Diagnosis, Recent Updates and Future Perspectives

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the second among the causes of tumor death worldwide, with an estimation of 1.9 million new cases in 2020 and more than 900,000 deaths. This rate might increase by 60% over the next 10 years. These data are unacceptable considering that CRC could be successfully treated if diagnosed in the early stages. A high-fat diet promotes the hepatic synthesis of bile acids (BAs) increasing their delivery to the colonic lumen and numerous scientific reports correlate BAs, especially secondary BAs, with CRC incidence. We reviewed the physicochemical and biological characteristics of BAs, focusing on the major pathways involved in CRC risk and progression. We specifically pointed out the role of BAs as signaling molecules and the tangled relationships among their nuclear and membrane receptors with the big bang of molecular and cellular events that trigger CRC occurrence.

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New Insights into Bile Acids Related Signaling Pathways in the Onset of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. The etiology and pathogenesis of CRC remain unclear. A growing body of evidence suggests dysbiosis of gut bacteria can contribute to the occurrence and development of CRC by generating harmful metabolites and changing host physiological processes. Metabolomics, a systems biology method, will systematically study the changes in metabolites in the physiological processes of the body, eventually playing a significant role in the detection of metabolic biomarkers and improving disease diagnosis and treatment. Metabolomics, in particular, has been highly beneficial in tracking microbially derived metabolites, which has substantially advanced our comprehension of host-microbiota metabolic interactions in CRC. This paper has briefly compiled recent research progress of the alterations of intestinal flora and its metabolites associated with CRC and the application of association analysis of metabolomics and gut microbiome in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC; furthermore, we discuss the prospects for the problems and development direction of this association analysis in the study of CRC. Gut microbiota and their metabolites influence the progression and causation of CRC, and the association analysis of metabolomics and gut microbiome will provide novel strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of CRC.

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Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Colorectal Cancer: Recent Progress and Future Prospects

The focus of this paper is on the development of micro-displacement measurement system of Beam Steering Mechanism (BSM) and Fast Sweeping Mirror (FSM) using in space remote sensor. The main objective is to design a micro-capacitance measuring technology based on Pcap01. In the proposed approach, first, the principle of capacitance measurement and the design of hardware and software of the system are introduced; then, the system is implemented to high-precision results below 3.5nF. The experiment results show that under the 1KHz output data rate, the system can achieve a resolution of 1.4fF in the range of 1pF~30pF, which can meet the system requirements of range and accuracy ratio of 20000.

Aijuan Zhang

Papers

Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Colorectal Cancer: Recent Progress and Future Prospects

Design of High-Precision Micro-Capacitance Detection System