A review on feedstocks, production processes, and yield for different generations of biodiesel

The over-exploitation of non-renewable resources leads to the depletion of energy reserves, as well as a rise in the price of petroleum-based fuels. Thus, there is a need to find suitable and sustainable substitutes for conventional fuels. The main features required for an alternative fuel are availability and renewability, or lower dependence on restricted resources accompanied with no or lower pollution. Due to their eco-friendly and non-toxic nature, biodiesel has been attracting increasing interest. Biodiesel production can be accomplished using various raw materials, catalysts, and technologies. In recent years, nanocatalyst technology has been widely used for biodiesel production due to its numerous advantages, such as large surface area, reusability and high activity of the nanocatalyst. This review provides an overview of biodiesel production with a description of various kinds of feedstock used, their advantages and disadvantages. Further, it offers a detailed description of different classes of biodiesel, including a characterization, assessment of qualities and limitations, and quality analysis of each type. Various methodologies used for biodiesel production are also elucidated, focusing on the potential of nanocatalyst processes. The aspect of nanocatalyst regeneration and reuse is also considered. This review delivers a comprehensive overview of biodiesel synthesis by discussing recent trends and challenges in this field, which will further the development of economically sustainable biodiesel production.

Recent advancement in biodiesel production methodologies using various feedstock: A review

Biodiesel is one of the prospective alternatives to petroleum fuel resources because of its renewable and environment friendly nature. Transesterficiation process is used for biodiesel production. The biodiesel production process mainly depends on five parameters which includes free fatty acid (FFA) content, type of alcohol used and molar ratio (alcohol:oil), catalyst type and its concentration, reaction temperature and time. Methanol and ethanol are commonly used for biodiesel production in presence of different alkaline catalysts like sodium and potassium hydroxides. The production methodology of biodiesel is an important aspect for efficient and cost-effective production of biodiesel. The present study focuses on the various technical aspects of biodiesel production methodology. The study reveals that for optimum biodiesel production reaction temperature should be in range of 50–60 °C, molar ratio of alcohol to oil should be in range of 6–12:1 with the use of an alkali catalyst having optimum concentration 1% by weight. The optimal reaction time for transesterification process is 120 min.

Review of process parameters for biodiesel production from different feedstocks

Abstract A heterogeneous magnesium oxide catalyst is a good alternative for homogeneous catalysts for the transesterification of alkyl esters for the production of fine-chemicals as well as for the production of biodiesel. The transesterification of ethyl acetate with methanol was used as a model reaction to simulate fine-chemical production in a batch slurry reactor at industrial conditions. The transesterification of triolein with methanol to methyl oleate was chosen to simulate continuous production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil. A kinetic model based on a three-step ‘Eley–Rideal’ type of mechanism in the liquid phase was used in both process simulations. The transesterification reaction occurs between methanol adsorbed on a magnesium oxide free basic site and ethyl acetate or the glyceride from the liquid phase. Methanol adsorption is assumed to be rate-determining in both processes. Activity coefficients were required to account for the significant non-ideality of the reaction mixture in the simulations of both processes. The simulations indicate that a production of 500 tonnes methyl acetate per year can be reached at ambient temperature in a batch reactor of 10 m 3 containing 5 kg of MgO catalyst, and that a continuous production of 100,000 tonnes of biodiesel per year can be achieved at 323 K in a continuous stirred reactor of 25 m 3 containing 5700 kg of MgO catalyst. Although various assumptions and simplifications were made in these explorative simulations the assumptions concerning the reaction kinetics used, the results indicate that for both processes a heterogeneous magnesium oxide catalyst shows promising potential as a viable industrial scale alternative.

Heterogeneously MgO-catalyzed transesterification for fine-chemical and biodiesel industrial production

Review on transesterification of non-edible sources for biodiesel production with a focus on economic aspects, fuel properties and by-product applications

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using copper doped zinc oxide nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalyst.

Process optimization and kinetics of biodiesel production from neem oil using copper doped zinc oxide heterogeneous nanocatalyst.

In recent times, demand for energy has significantly increased due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the fast-industrial revolution. This has created a wide space for the development of sustainable and renewable energy sources. Biodiesel has attained exceptional contemplation among other biofuels due to the use of renewable and low-cost resources. Selection of suitable catalyst plays a vital role in biodiesel production by a catalytic transesterification reaction. Compared to homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts are most preferred as they have high selectivity and stability with increased biodiesel yield. Heterogeneous catalyst has made incredible development in biodiesel production under mild operating conditions and has less impact on the environment. Nanocatalysts are the effective heterogeneous catalyst, which has brought a tremendous revolution in biodiesel production in recent years. Thus, present review provides a comprehensive analysis of the use of heterogeneous catalyst, importance and challenges associated in biodiesel production.

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Contemporary approaches towards augmentation of distinctive heterogeneous catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production

Acrylamide is formed when food products are fried at high temperature. Food researchers are constantly working on developing efficient methods for mitigating acrylamide in fried foods. In the present study, asparaginase from Aspergillus terreus was used for the pretreatment of kochchi kesel banana slices before frying to mitigate acrylamide formation during frying. The soaking and frying conditions were optimized using free and chitosan-immobilized asparaginase. The optimal soaking temperature and time were found to be 60 °C and 20 min, respectively. The optimal activity of free and chitosan-immobilized asparaginase was found to be 5 U/mL. The optimal frying temperature and time for both free and chitosan-immobilized asparaginase were found to be 180 °C for 25 min with an acrylamide mass fraction of 1866 and 954 µg/kg, respectively. The kinetics and thermodynamics of enzymatic mitigation of acrylamide in kochchi kesel chips were also studied. It was concluded that the chitosan-immobilized asparaginase pretreatment of kochchi kesel slices is an effective method for mitigation of acrylamide.

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Acrylamide Mitigation in Fried Kochchi Kesel Chips Using Free and Immobilized Fungal Asparaginase.

Background: Mutagenesis is the process through which an organism’s genetic makeup is irreversibly altered. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) dosage to create desirable genetic variations in the papaya variety CO 7. Methods: The pre-soaked papaya seeds were exposed to five different concentrations of EMS (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0%) for three hours. Non-treated seeds were used as a control. Data was recorded for germination per cent, seedling survival per cent, seedling length, girth, number of leaves, leaf length and width, petiole length and girth. Result: A declining trend in germination and growth of seedlings with the increase in EMS doses was observed. The probit curve analysis based on the seed germination percentage revealed that the LD50 value was found to be 0.55% EMS which was fixed as an optimal dose for large-scale mutagenesis experiments in papaya variety CO 7. The R2 value ranged from 0.73 to 0.99 and the growth reduction percentage (GR50) varied from 0.69 to 1.16 for different seedling traits studied. Since the optimization of mutagen dose would be expected to create desirable mutations with nominal biological damage, this study might assist further mutagenesis experiments in papaya.


https://arccarticles.s3.amazonaws.com/OnlinePublish/Final-article-attachemnt-with-doi-D-5712-6089603e9087340b9bdcbbb1.pdf

Aiswarya Ravi

Papers

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using copper doped zinc oxide nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalyst.

Process optimization and kinetics of biodiesel production from neem oil using copper doped zinc oxide heterogeneous nanocatalyst.

Contemporary approaches towards augmentation of distinctive heterogeneous catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production

Acrylamide Mitigation in Fried Kochchi Kesel Chips Using Free and Immobilized Fungal Asparaginase.

Assessment of Mutagenic Sensitivity and Lethal Dose of EMS in Papaya (Carica papaya L.) variety CO 7