We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.

The archaeology of knowledge

This new edition of Ann Bowling's well-known and highly respected text has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect key methodological developments in health research. It is a comprehensive, easy to read, guide to the range of methods used to study and evaluate health and health services. It describes the concepts and methods used by the main disciplines involved in health research, including: demography, epidemiology, health economics, psychology and sociology.The research methods described cover the assessment of health needs, morbidity and mortality trends and rates, costing health services, sampling for survey research, cross-sectional and longitudinal survey design, experimental methods and techniques of group assignment, questionnaire design, interviewing techniques, coding and analysis of quantitative data, methods and analysis of qualitative observational studies, and types of unstructured interviewing. With new material on topics such as cluster randomization, utility analyses, patients' preferences, and perception of risk, the text is aimed at students and researchers of health and health services. It has also been designed for health professionals and policy makers who have responsibility for applying research findings in practice, and who need to know how to judge the value of that research.

Research Methods in Health. Investigating health and health services

Speech Genres and Other Late Essays

Doing Replication Research in Applied LinguisticsInference and Generalizability in Applied LinguisticsResearch Methods in Applied LinguisticsStimulated Recall Methodology in Applied Linguistics and L2 ResearchDoing Applied LinguisticsAn A–Z of Applied Linguistics Research MethodsQualitative Research in Applied LinguisticsCase Study Research in Applied LinguisticsWriting about Quantitative Research in Applied LinguisticsResearch Methods for Language TeachingData Collection Research Methods in Applied LinguisticsContinuum Companion to Research Methods in Applied LinguisticsApplied Communication Research MethodsResearch Methods in LinguisticsResearch Methods in Applied SettingsGrounded Theory in Applied Linguistics ResearchSecond Language Research MethodsResearch Methods for Applied Language StudiesExperimental Research Methods in Language LearningThe Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied LinguisticsDoing Research in Applied LinguisticsA Dictionary of Research Methodology and Statistics in Applied LinguisticsResearch Methods for English Language TeachersResearching Second Language ClassroomsCritical Sociolinguistic Research MethodsResearch Methods in Second Language PsycholinguisticsSecond Language Research Methods Oxford Applied Linguistics:Quantitative Methods for Second Language ResearchResearch Methods in Second Language AcquisitionResearch Methods in Applied LinguisticsResearch Methods in Applied LinguisticsLanguage, Literacy, and Learning in STEM EducationQuantitative Research in LinguisticsEthics in Applied Linguistics ResearchResearch Methods in LinguisticsThe Palgrave Handbook of Applied Linguistics Research MethodologyResearch Methods for Complexity Theory in Applied LinguisticsResearch in Applied LinguisticsThe Psychology of Second Language Acquisition Oxford Applied LinguisticsThe Routledge Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics

Research methods in applied linguistics

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Norman Fairclough 

Routledge, £9.99, pp 178

ISBN 0 415 21827 6

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“I can suck melancholy out of a song,” says Shakespeare's Jaques, “as a weasel sucks eggs.” Hence the phrase “weasel words,” coined for political purposes in the United States at the end of the 19th century and used (most famously by Theodore Roosevelt, criticising President Woodrow Wilson) to describe rhetoric that sounds as if it has substance but is actually empty of specific meaning, or is at best ambiguous and vague. All competent politicians know, often purely instinctively, how to coin weasel words, or at least how to use them. But none is as good at it as Tony Blair and “new Labour,” according to Norman Fairclough in this penetrating disquisition, refreshingly free of sociolinguistic jargon and bolstered by linguistic evidence and analysis.

Some short words make superb weasels. Like “we.” Not much ambiguity there, you might think. But “we” …

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New labour, new language?

Representing a “revolution”: how the popular press has portrayed personalized medicine

Breastfeeding has many established benefits for mothers, children, and society at large; however, the vast majority of infants globally do not meet international breastfeeding recommendations. There are many complex reasons for suboptimal breastfeeding rates, including social and societal factors. Alongside increasing social media use worldwide, there is an expanding research focus on how social media use affects health behaviours, decisions and perceptions. The objective of this study was to systematically determine if and how breastfeeding is promoted and supported on the popular social media platform Instagram, which currently has over 700 million active users worldwide. To assess how Instagram is used to depict and portray breastfeeding, and how users share perspectives and information about this topic, we analysed 4,089 images and 8,331 corresponding comments posted with popular breastfeeding-related hashtags (#breastfeeding, #breastmilk, #breastisbest, and #normalizebreastfeeding). We found that Instagram is being mobilized by users to publicly display and share diverse breastfeeding-related content and to create supportive networks that allow new mothers to share experiences, build confidence, and address challenges related to breastfeeding. Discussions were overwhelmingly positive and often highly personal, with virtually no antagonistic content. Very little educational content was found, contrasted by frequent depiction and discussion of commercial products. Thus, Instagram is currently used by breastfeeding mothers to create supportive networks and could potentially offer new avenues and opportunities to "normalize," protect, promote, and support breastfeeding more broadly across its large and diverse global online community.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mcn.12658

Protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding on Instagram.

Numerous social, economic and academic pressures can have a negative impact on representations of biomedical research. We review several of the forces playing an increasingly pernicious role in how health and science information is interpreted, shared and used, drawing discussions towards the role of narrative. In turn, we explore how aspects of narrative are used in different social contexts and communication environments, and present creative responses that may help counter the negative trends. As traditional methods of communication have in many ways failed the public, changes in approach are required, including the creative use of narratives.

/pdf/health-misinformation-and-the-power-of-narrative-messaging-3xbfrtr2f9.pdf

Health Misinformation and the Power of Narrative Messaging in the Public Sphere

Aim This study examines how stem cells and stem cell research are portrayed on websites deemed to be purveyors of distorted and dubious information. Methods Content analysis was conducted on 224 articles from 2015 to 2016, compiled by searching with the keywords 'stem cell(s)' on a list of websites flagged for containing either 'fake' or 'junk science' news. Results Articles contained various exaggerated positive and negative claims about stem cells and stem cell science, health and science related conspiracy theories, and statements promoting fear and mistrust of conventional medicine. Conclusion Findings demonstrate the existence of organized misinformation networks, which may lead the public away from accurate information and facilitate a polarization of public discourse.

Fake news portrayals of stem cells and stem cell research.

Objective The spread of misinformation has accompanied the coronavirus pandemic, including topics such as immune boosting to prevent COVID-19. This study explores how immune boosting is portrayed on the internet during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design Content analysis. Methods We compiled a dataset of 227 webpages from Google searches in Canada and the USA using the phrase ‘boost immunity’ AND ‘coronavirus’ on 1 April 2020. We coded webpages for typology and portrayal of immune boosting and supplements. We recorded mentions of microbiome, whether the webpage was selling or advertising an immune boosting product or service, and suggested strategies for boosting immunity. Results No significant differences were found between webpages that appeared in the searches in Canada and the USA. The most common types of webpages were from news (40.5%) and commercial (24.7%) websites. The concept of immune boosting was portrayed as beneficial for avoiding COVID-19 in 85.5% of webpages and supplements were portrayed as beneficial in 40% of the webpages, but commercial sites were more likely to have these portrayals. The top immune boosting strategies were vitamin C (34.8%), diet (34.4%), sleep (34.4%), exercise (30.8%) and zinc (26.9%). Less than 10% of the webpages provide any critique of the concept of immune boosting. Conclusions Pairing evidence-based advice for maintaining one’s health (eg, healthy diet, exercise, sleep) with the phrase immune boosting and strategies lacking in evidence may inadvertently help to legitimise the concept, making it a powerful marketing tool. Results demonstrate how the spread of misinformation is complex and often more subtle than blatant fraudulent claims.

https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/10/10/e040989.full.pdf

Alessandro R. Marcon

Papers

Representing a “revolution”: how the popular press has portrayed personalized medicine

Protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding on Instagram.

Health Misinformation and the Power of Narrative Messaging in the Public Sphere

Fake news portrayals of stem cells and stem cell research.

COVID-19 and 'immune boosting' on the internet: a content analysis of Google search results.