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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita Le cause e le responsabilita dei cambiamenti climatici sono state trattate sul numero di ottobre della rivista Cda. Approfondiamo l’argomento presentando il documento: “Cambiamenti climatici 2007: impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita” votato ad aprile 2007 dal secondo gruppo di lavoro del Comitato Intergovernativo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Si tratta del secondo di tre documenti che compongono il quarto rapporto sui cambiamenti climatici.

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Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

This chapter provides a review on the state of soil visible–near infrared (vis–NIR) spectroscopy Our intention is for the review to serve as a source of up-to-date information on the past and current role of vis–NIR spectroscopy in soil science It should also provide critical discussion on issues surrounding the use of vis–NIR for soil analysis and on future directions To this end, we describe the fundamentals of visible and infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and spectroscopic multivariate calibrations A review of the past and current role of vis–NIR spectroscopy in soil analysis is provided, focusing on important soil attributes such as soil organic matter (SOM), minerals, texture, nutrients, water, pH, and heavy metals We then discuss the performance and generalization capacity of vis–NIR calibrations, with particular attention on sample pretratments, covariations in data sets, and mathematical data preprocessing Field analyses and strategies for the practical use of vis–NIR are considered We conclude that the technique is useful to measure soil water and mineral composition and to derive robust calibrations for SOM and clay content Many studies show that we also can predict properties such as pH and nutrients, although their robustness may be questioned For future work we recommend that research should focus on: (i) moving forward with more theoretical calibrations, (ii) better understanding of the complexity of soil and the physical basis for soil reflection, and (iii) applications and the use of spectra for soil mapping and monitoring, and for making inferences about soils quality, fertility and function To do this, research in soil spectroscopy needs to be more collaborative and strategic The development of the Global Soil Spectral Library might be a step in the right direction

/pdf/visible-and-near-infrared-spectroscopy-in-soil-science-l2f7v53g20.pdf

Visible and Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Soil Science

http://www.nfp68.ch/SiteCollectionDocuments/Dominati_NaturalCapital_and_ES_of_soils.pdf

A framework for classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem services of soils

Soils are increasingly recognized as major contributors to ecosystem services such as food production and climate regulation ( 1 , 2 ), and demand for up-to-date and relevant soil information is soaring. But communicating such information among diverse audiences remains challenging because of inconsistent use of technical jargon, and outdated, imprecise methods. Also, spatial resolutions of soil maps for most parts of the world are too low to help with practical land management. While other earth sciences (e.g., climatology, geology) have become more quantitative and have taken advantage of the digital revolution, conventional soil mapping delineates space mostly according to qualitative criteria and renders maps using a series of polygons, which limits resolution. These maps do not adequately express the complexity of soils across a landscape in an easily understandable way.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/325/5941/680.full.pdf

Digital Soil Map of the World

Soils are viewed in the context of ecosystem services, soil processes and properties, and key attributes and constraints. The framework used is based on the premise that the natural capital of soils that underlies ecosystem services is primarily determined by three core soil properties: texture, mineralogy, and soil organic matter. Up-to-date descriptions and geographical distribution of soil orders as well as soil attributes and constraints are given, along with the relationships between soil orders, properties, and biomes. We then relate ecosystem services to specific soil processes, soil properties, and soil constraints and attributes. Soil degradation at present is not adequately assessed and quantified. The use of an approach combining digital soil maps, pedotransfer functions, remote sensing, spectral analysis, and soil inference systems is suggested for simultaneous characterization of various chemical, physical, and biological properties to overcome the great limitations and costs of conventional ...

/pdf/soils-a-contemporary-perspective-f5rpqbvw5a.pdf

Soils: A Contemporary Perspective

http://www.pedometrics.org/papers/Awiti%20et%20al%202008.pdf

Soil condition classification using infrared spectroscopy: A proposition for assessment of soil condition along a tropical forest-cropland chronosequence

Malaria is one of the key research concerns in climate change-health relationships. Numerous risk assessments and modelling studies provide evidence that the transmission range of malaria will expand with rising temperatures, adversely impacting on vulnerable communities in the East African highlands. While there exist multiple lines of evidence for the influence of climate change on malaria transmission, there is insufficient understanding of the complex and interdependent factors that determine the risk and vulnerability of human populations at the community level. Moreover, existing studies have had limited focus on the nature of the impacts on vulnerable communities or how well they are prepared to cope. In order to address these gaps, a systems approach was used to present an integrated risk and vulnerability assessment framework for studies of community level risk and vulnerability to malaria due to climate change. Drawing upon published literature on existing frameworks, a systems approach was applied to characterize the factors influencing the interactions between climate change and malaria transmission. This involved structural analysis to determine influential, relay, dependent and autonomous variables in order to construct a detailed causal loop conceptual model that illustrates the relationships among key variables. An integrated assessment framework that considers indicators of both biophysical and social vulnerability was proposed based on the conceptual model. A major conclusion was that this integrated assessment framework can be implemented using Bayesian Belief Networks, and applied at a community level using both quantitative and qualitative methods with stakeholder engagement. The approach enables a robust assessment of community level risk and vulnerability to malaria, along with contextually relevant and targeted adaptation strategies for dealing with malaria transmission that incorporate both scientific and community perspectives.

/pdf/an-integrated-risk-and-vulnerability-assessment-framework-22aka70ey8.pdf

An integrated risk and vulnerability assessment framework for climate change and malaria transmission in East Africa.

Dynamics of topsoil carbon and nitrogen along a tropical forest–cropland chronosequence: Evidence from stable isotope analysis and spectroscopy

/pdf/improved-land-management-in-the-lake-victoria-basin-final-37d6rwboks.pdf

Alex Awiti

Papers

Soils: A Contemporary Perspective

Soil condition classification using infrared spectroscopy: A proposition for assessment of soil condition along a tropical forest-cropland chronosequence

An integrated risk and vulnerability assessment framework for climate change and malaria transmission in East Africa.

Dynamics of topsoil carbon and nitrogen along a tropical forest–cropland chronosequence: Evidence from stable isotope analysis and spectroscopy

Improved land management in the Lake Victoria Basin: Final report on the TransVic project