The life course has emerged over the past 30 years as a major research paradigm. Distinctive themes include the relation between human lives and a changing society, the timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, and human agency. Two lines of research converged in the formation of this paradigm during the 1960s; one was associated with an older «social relationship» tradition that featured intergenerational studies, and the other with more contemporary thinking about age. The emergence of a life course paradigm has been coupled with a notable decline in socialization as a research framework and with its incorporation by other theories

Time, human agency, and social change: perspectives on the life course

Louis Wirth's classic description of the social and psychological effects of urbanism is organized into a model for the purpose of reviewing relevant theory and empirical research. Evidence on predicted structural effects (differentiation, formal integration and anomie) and individual effects (sensory overload, role mobility, isolation and deviance) is, at most, mixed. The best-supported predictions are of differentiation and deviance. Alternative models of urban life are explored, and, in the process of the review, research directions are suggested.

"Urbanism as a Way of Life" A Review and an Agenda

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is reconceptualized in terms of civic citizenship as described in political philosophy We used this theoretical foundation to derive substantive categorie

Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Construct Redefinition, Measurement, and Validation

Previous research on organizational citizenship behavior indicates that such behavior is critical for organizational effectiveness, but little theoretical work details how it might contribute to enhanced organizational functioning. Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998) argue that a firm's social capital comprises a critical source of sustainable organizational advantage. Based on their work, we suggest that citizenship behaviors enhance firm functioning by contributing to the development of social capital in organizations; specifically, citizenship behaviors contribute to the creation of structural, relational, and cognitive forms of social capital.

Citizenship Behavior and The Creation of Social Capital in Organizations

Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries

In this paper I will endeavor to do the following: (1) test how far certain concepts dealing with individual orientations to politics, previously used in studies of relatively advanced European societies, are appropriate to populations in developing countries; (2) ascertain how far these separate dimensions of individual political orientation cohere as a syndrome, indicating the existence of a general underlying dimension of “participant citizenship;” (3) identify elements among common orientations to politics which cannot be incorporated in this general syndrome; and (4) assess the importance of certain social experiences or forces in inculcating the qualities of participant citizenship in individuals exposed to these influences.These objectives will be better understood if they are seen in the context of the larger research program of which this report is a part, namely the Harvard Project on the Social and Cultural Aspects of Economic Development. The project is an investigation of the forms and sources of modernization in individuals. Its focus is on the person rather than the society or the institution, and its emphasis is socio-psychological rather than purely sociological or structural. Six countries are represented: Argentina and Chile, East Pakistan and India, Nigeria and Israel. This report will not, however, emphasize national differences, but rather treat each sample as another replication of the basic design. We assume that if something holds true for six such different countries, it must be a powerful connection indeed.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0003055400263235

Participant Citizenship in Six Developing Countries

The Fate of Personal Adjustment in the Process of Modernization

Social Change and Social Character: The Role of Parental Mediation

Harvard Project on the Sociocultural Aspects of Development

https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1954.56.3.02a00430

Alex Inkeles

Papers

Participant Citizenship in Six Developing Countries

The Fate of Personal Adjustment in the Process of Modernization

Social Change and Social Character: The Role of Parental Mediation

Harvard Project on the Sociocultural Aspects of Development

PSYCHOETHNOGRAPHY: The Impact of Russian Culture on Soviet Communism. Dinko Tomasic