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Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

Science and technologies based on terahertz frequency electromagnetic radiation (100 GHz–30 THz) have developed rapidly over the last 30 years. For most of the 20th Century, terahertz radiation, then referred to as sub-millimeter wave or far-infrared radiation, was mainly utilized by astronomers and some spectroscopists. Following the development of laser based terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in the 1980s and 1990s the field of THz science and technology expanded rapidly, to the extent that it now touches many areas from fundamental science to 'real world' applications. For example THz radiation is being used to optimize materials for new solar cells, and may also be a key technology for the next generation of airport security scanners. While the field was emerging it was possible to keep track of all new developments, however now the field has grown so much that it is increasingly difficult to follow the diverse range of new discoveries and applications that are appearing. At this point in time, when the field of THz science and technology is moving from an emerging to a more established and interdisciplinary field, it is apt to present a roadmap to help identify the breadth and future directions of the field. The aim of this roadmap is to present a snapshot of the present state of THz science and technology in 2017, and provide an opinion on the challenges and opportunities that the future holds. To be able to achieve this aim, we have invited a group of international experts to write 18 sections that cover most of the key areas of THz science and technology. We hope that The 2017 Roadmap on THz science and technology will prove to be a useful resource by providing a wide ranging introduction to the capabilities of THz radiation for those outside or just entering the field as well as providing perspective and breadth for those who are well established. We also feel that this review should serve as a useful guide for government and funding agencies.

The 2016 terahertz science and technology roadmap

Towards hybrid nanofluids: Preparation, thermophysical properties, applications, and challenges

This paper presents a review of the experimental achievements related to the development of high-power gyrotron oscillators for long-pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for many applications. In addition, this work gives a short overview on the present development status of frequency step-tunable and multi-frequency gyrotrons, coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, large orbit gyrotrons (LOGs), quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWOs, gyro-harmonic converters, gyro-peniotrons, magnicons, free electron masers (FEMs), and dielectric vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high-power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control, and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for clean generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 30 min (CPI and European KIT-SPC-THALES collaboration). The world record parameters of the European tube are as follows: 0.92 MW output power at 30-min pulse duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity, and 44% efficiency, employing a single-stage depressed collector (SDC) for energy recovery. A maximum output power of 1.5 MW in 4.0-s pulses at 45% efficiency was generated with the QST-TOSHIBA (now CANON) 110-GHz gyrotron. The Japan 170-GHz ITER gyrotron achieved 1 MW, 800 s at 55% efficiency and holds the energy world record of 2.88 GJ (0.8 MW, 60 min) and the efficiency record of 57% for tubes with an output power of more than 0.5 MW. The Russian 170-GHz ITER gyrotron obtained 0.99 (1.2) MW with a pulse duration of 1000 (100) s and 53% efficiency. The prototype tube of the European 2-MW, 170-GHz coaxial-cavity gyrotron achieved in short pulses the record power of 2.2 MW at 48% efficiency and 96% Gaussian mode purity. Gyrotrons with pulsed magnet for various short-pulse applications deliver Pout = 210 kW with τ = 20 μs at frequencies up to 670 GHz (η ≅ 20%), Pout = 5.3 kW at 1 THz (η = 6.1%), and Pout = 0.5 kW at 1.3 THz (η = 0.6%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require tubes with the following parameters: f > 24 GHz, Pout = 4–50 kW, CW, η > 30%. The CW powers produced by gyroklystrons and FEMs are 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz), respectively. The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in the USA obtained a record average power of 14.2 kW at a wavelength of 1.6 μm. The THz FEL (NOVEL) at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Russia achieved a maximum average power of 0.5 kW at wavelengths 50–240 μm (6.00–1.25 THz).

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-5avfirj4z9.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers

Some of the stable isotopes of silicon and carbon have zero nuclear spin, whereas many of the other elements that constitute semiconductors consist entirely of stable isotopes that have nuclear spins. Silicon and diamond crystals composed of nuclear-spin-free stable isotopes (28Si, 30Si, or 12C) are considered to be ideal host matrixes to place spin quantum bits (qubits) for quantum-computing and -sensing applications, because their coherent properties are not disrupted thanks to the absence of host nuclear spins. The present paper describes the state-of-the-art and future perspective of silicon and diamond isotope engineering for development of quantum information-processing devices.

/pdf/isotope-engineering-of-silicon-and-diamond-for-quantum-157hv1c2pm.pdf

Isotope engineering of silicon and diamond for quantum computing and sensing applications

We studied the glow of the plasma of a pulse discharge ignited in nitrogen by high-power focused radiation of a terahertz-wave gyrotron (a radiation frequency of 0.67 GHz, a pulse duration of 20 μs, and a power of 40 kW). The pressure in the discharge chamber varied in the range 0.1–350 Torr. It was found that at high pressures (more than 50 Torr), long-term (about 1.0–1.5 ms), a non-monotonic afterglow exists after the end of the terahertz pulse, whose intensity can exceed the plasma glow intensity significantly (by several times) during the action of the terahertz radiation pulse on the plasma. At pressures below 50 Torr, the afterglow duration proves to be significantly shorter, specifically, about several tens of microseconds. The observed long-term afterglow is radiation in certain vibrational bands of the second positive system of N2 and is due, evidently, to the processes of associative excitation of electron levels in nitrogen molecules with the participation of long-living metastables $$ {\mathrm{N}}_2\left({\mathrm{A}}^3{\varSigma}_{\mathrm{u}}^{+}\right) $$
 .

Glow of the Plasma of a Pulse Discharge Produced in Nitrogen by High-Power Terahertz-Wave Radiation

A new approach is suggested to study interaction of supersonic (ion Mach number up to 2.7) dense (up to 1015 cm−3) plasma flows with an arched magnetic trap field with a strength up to 3.3 T. It opens prospects to model space plasma processes in a laboratory. The process of plasma deceleration during the injection of plasma flow across the magnetic field lines was experimentally demonstrated. Pulsed plasma microwave emission at the electron cyclotron frequency range was observed. It was shown that frequency spectrum of plasma emission is determined by position of deceleration region in the magnetic field of the magnetic arc, and is affected by plasma density. Frequency spectrum shifts to higher frequencies with increasing of arc current (plasma density) because the deceleration region of plasma flow moves into higher magnetic field. The observed emission can be related to the cyclotron mechanism of generation by non-equilibrium energetic electrons in dense plasma.

Excitation of electromagnetic waves in dense plasma during the injection of supersonic plasma flows into magnetic arch

The process of plasma deceleration during the injection of supersonic plasma flow across the magnetic field of an arched configuration is experimentally demonstrated. Pulsed plasma microwave emission in the electron cyclotron frequency range is observed. It is shown that the frequency spectrum of plasma emission is determined by the position of the deceleration region in the magnetic field of the magnetic arc, and its bandwidth is defined by the magnetic field inhomogeneity in the deceleration region. The observed emission can be related to the cyclotron mechanism of wave generation by non-equilibrium energetic electrons in the dense plasma.

/pdf/observation-of-plasma-microwave-emission-during-the-1oimhy18p7.pdf

Observation of plasma microwave emission during the injection of supersonic plasma flows into magnetic arch

The dynamics of supersonic plasma flow interaction with the magnetic arch

A new method for the generation of high charged state metal ion beams is developed. This method is based on microwave heating of vacuum arc plasma in a magnetic trap under electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) conditions. Two gyrotrons for plasma heating were used, which were with the following parameters. The first is with a wave frequency of 37.5 GHz, a pulse duration of 1 ms and power of 100 kW, another is with 75 GHz, 0.15 ms and 400 kW. Two different magnetic traps were considered for vacuum arc plasma confinement. The first one is a simple mirror trap. Such system was already investigated and could provide high charge state ions. The second trap was with a cusp magnetic field configuration with native "minimum-B" field structure. Two different ways of metal plasma injection into the magnetic trap were used. The first one is an axial injection from an arc source located out of the trap, and the second is a radial injection from four arc sources mounted at the center of the trap. Both traps provide up to 200 eMA of ion beam current for platinum ions with highest charge state 10+. Ion beams were successfully extracted from the plasma and accelerated by a voltage of up to 20 kV.

Alexander Vodopyanov

Papers

Glow of the Plasma of a Pulse Discharge Produced in Nitrogen by High-Power Terahertz-Wave Radiation

Excitation of electromagnetic waves in dense plasma during the injection of supersonic plasma flows into magnetic arch

Observation of plasma microwave emission during the injection of supersonic plasma flows into magnetic arch

The dynamics of supersonic plasma flow interaction with the magnetic arch

Formation of Multicharged Metal Ions in Vacuum Arc Plasma Heated by Gyrotron Radiation