Bubbles in liquids, soft and squeezy objects made of gas and vapour, yet so strong as to destroy any material and so mysterious as at times turning into tiny light bulbs, are the topic of the present report. Bubbles respond to pressure forces and reveal their full potential when periodically driven by sound waves. The basic equations for nonlinear bubble oscillation in sound fields are given, together with a survey of typical solutions. A bubble in a liquid can be considered as a representative example from nonlinear dynamical systems theory with its resonances, multiple attractors with their basins, bifurcations to chaos and not yet fully describable behaviour due to infinite complexity. Three stability conditions are treated for stable trapping of bubbles in standing sound fields: positional, spherical and diffusional stability. Chemical reactions may become important in that respect, when reacting gases fill the bubble, but the chemistry of bubbles is just touched upon and is beyond the scope of the present report. Bubble collapse, the runaway shrinking of a bubble, is presented in its current state of knowledge. Pressures and temperatures that are reached at this occasion are discussed, as well as the light emission in the form of short flashes. Aspherical bubble collapse, as for instance enforced by boundaries nearby, mitigates most of the phenomena encountered in spherical collapse, but introduces a new effect: jet formation, the self-piercing of a bubble with a high velocity liquid jet. Examples of this phenomenon are given from light induced bubbles. Two oscillating bubbles attract or repel each other, depending on their oscillations and their distance. Upon approaching, attraction may change to repulsion and vice versa. When being close, they also shoot self-piercing jets at each other. Systems of bubbles are treated as they appear after shock wave passage through a liquid and with their branched filaments that they attain in standing sound fields. The N-bubble problem is formulated in the spirit of the n-body problem of astrophysics, but with more complicated interaction forces. Simulations are compared with three-dimensional bubble dynamics obtained by stereoscopic high speed digital videography.

Physics of bubble oscillations

The nondestructive assessment of the damage that occurs in components during service plays a key role for condition monitoring and residual life estimation of in-service components/structures. Ultrasound has been widely utilized for this; however most of these conventional methods using ultrasonic characteristics in the linear elastic region are only sensitive to gross defects but much less sensitive to micro-damage. Recently, the nonlinear ultrasonic technique, which uses nonlinear ultrasonic behavior such as higher-harmonic generation, subharmonic generation, nonlinear resonance, or mixed frequency response, has been studied as a positive method for overcoming this limitation. In this paper, overall progress in this technique is reviewed with the brief introduction of basic principle in the application of each nonlinear ultrasonic phenomenon.

Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques for nondestructive assessment of micro damage in material: A review

Design aspects of sonochemical reactors: Techniques for understanding cavitational activity distribution and effect of operating parameters

Review on sonochemical methods in the presence of catalysts and chemical additives for treatment of organic pollutants in wastewater

Modelling of nonlinear crack–wave interactions for damage detection based on ultrasound—A review

Cone-like bubble formation in ultrasonic cavitation field.

A new phenomenon of self-induced hysteresis has been observed in the interaction of bulk acoustic waves with a cracked solid. It consists in a hysteretic behavior of material nonlinearity as a function of the incident pump wave amplitude. Hysteresis manifests itself in the self-action of the monochromatic pump wave and in the excitation of its superharmonics and of its subharmonics. The proposed theoretical models attribute the phenomenon to hysteresis in transition of the acoustically forced oscillation of cracks from a nonclapping regime to a regime of clapping contacts.

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Alexei Moussatov

Papers

Cone-like bubble formation in ultrasonic cavitation field.

Self-induced hysteresis for nonlinear acoustic waves in cracked material.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of the mean acoustic pressure in the cavitation field.

Porous material characterization - ultrasonic method for estimation of tortuosity and characteristic length using a barometric chamber

Ultrasonic cavitation in thin liquid layers.