Formation and stability of nano-emulsions

A mobile terminal including a body; a touchscreen provided to a front and extending to side of the body and configured to display content; and a controller configured to detect one side of the body comes into contact with one side of an external terminal, display a first area on the touchscreen corresponding to a contact area of the body and the external terminal and a second area including the content, receive an input of moving the content displayed in the second area to the first area, display the content in the first area, and share the content in the first area with the external terminal.

Mobile terminal and method for controlling the same

Nanoemulsions fabricated from food-grade ingredients are being increasingly utilized in the food industry to encapsulate, protect, and deliver lipophilic functional components, such as biologically-active lipids (e.g., ω-3 fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid) and oil-soluble flavors, vitamins, preservatives, and nutraceuticals. The small size of the particles in nanoemulsions (r<100 nm) means that they have a number of potential advantages over conventional emulsions-higher stability to droplet aggregation and gravitational separation, high optical clarity, ability to modulate product texture, and, increased bioavailability of lipophilic components. On the other hand, there may also be some risks associated with the oral ingestion of nanoemulsions, such as their ability to change the biological fate of bioactive components within the gastrointestinal tract and the potential toxicity of some of the components used in their fabrication. This review article provides an overview of the current status of nanoemulsion formulation, fabrication, properties, applications, biological fate, and potential toxicity with emphasis on systems suitable for utilization within the food and beverage industry.

Food-grade nanoemulsions: formulation, fabrication, properties, performance, biological fate, and potential toxicity.

This review offers a critical analysis of the state of the art of medical microbubbles and their application in therapeutic delivery and monitoring. When driven by an ultrasonic pulse, these small gas bubbles oscillate with a wall velocity on the order of tens to hundreds of meters per second and can be deflected to a vessel wall or fragmented into particles on the order of nanometers. While single-session molecular imaging of multiple targets is difficult with affinity-based strategies employed in some other imaging modalities, microbubble fragmentation facilitates such studies. Similarly, a focused ultrasound beam can be used to disrupt delivery vehicles and blood vessel walls, offering the opportunity to locally deliver a drug or gene. Clinical translation of these vehicles will require that current challenges be overcome, where these challenges include rapid clearance and low payload. The technology, early successes with drug and gene delivery, and potential clinical applications are reviewed.

Ultrasound microbubble contrast agents: fundamentals and application to gene and drug delivery.

Design and Production of Nanoparticles Formulated From Nano-Emulsion Templates-A Review

Ostwald ripening theory: applications to fluorocarbon emulsion stability

Ostwald ripening in multicomponent systems is discussed in terms of thermodynamic stability and metastability. While the insoluble species trapped in the bulk of the drops can provide thermodynamic stability, only metastability is possible when the species is trapped at the interface between the phases. Similarly, a Helfrich-type dependence of the surface tension on curvature can produce metastability, but not thermodynamic stability. When the drops are encapsulated with a cross-linked permeable membrane, or with an insoluble surfactant monolayer, the membrane must be able to withstand the stress of the Laplace pressure and not collapse; this condition is in general hard to implement unless the emulsion drops are small, ∼10–100 nm. The effect of micelles on various mass transfer processes in surfactant systems, such as Ostwald ripening, composition ripening, adsorption from micellar solutions, and solubilization kinetics are discussed. Two mechanisms are possible: In the first, micelles fuse directly with...

Ostwald Ripening and Related Phenomena

The problem of dissolution of a bubble in the bloodstream is examined. The bubble is assumed to be filled with a mixture of a sparingly water-soluble gas (osmotic agent) and air. The dissolution of the bubble has three definite stages. In Stage 1, the bubble quickly swells in air. The swelling ratio depends on the surface tension, blood pressure, level of oxygen metabolism and initial mole fraction of osmotic agent in the bubble. In Stage 2, the osmotic agent slowly diffuses out of the bubble. The squared radius decreases nearly linearly with time, at a rate proportional to the Ostwald coefficient and diffusivity of the osmotic agent. In Stage 3, the partial pressure of the osmotic agent becomes so high that it condenses into a liquid. In order to prolong the lifetime of 5-micron bubbles in the bloodstream from or = 0.3 atm = 3 x 10(4) Pa).

Dissolution of multicomponent microbubbles in the bloodstream: 1. Theory.

Stabilized dispersions are provided for the delivery of a bioactive agent to the respiratory tract of a patient. The dispersions preferably comprise a plurality of perforated microstructures dispersed in a suspension medium that typically comprises a hydrofluoroalkane propellant. As density variations between the suspended particles and suspension medium are minimized and attractive forces between microstructures are attenuated, the disclosed dispersions are particularly resistant to degradation, such as, by settling or flocculation. In particularly preferred embodiments, the stabilized dispersions may be administered to the lung of a patient using a metered dose inhaler.

Alexey S. Kabalnov

Papers

Ostwald ripening theory: applications to fluorocarbon emulsion stability

Ostwald Ripening and Related Phenomena

Dissolution of multicomponent microbubbles in the bloodstream: 1. Theory.

Stabilized preparations for use in metered dose inhalers

Salt Effects on Nonionic Microemulsions Are Driven by Adsorption/Depletion at the Surfactant Monolayer