Targeting of iodine-123-labelled tumour-associated monoclonal antibodies to ovarian, breast, and gastrointestinal tumours

Use of radiolabelled monoclonal anti-CEA antibodies for the detection of human carcinomas by external photoscanning and tomoscintigraphy

The pharmacokinetics of an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and its F(ab')2 and Fab' fragments following i.v. administration in mice has been studied by constructing a physiologically based, organ-specific model to describe antibody biodistribution, catabolism, and excretion. The antibody selected for study (MOPC-21) has no known binding sites in the body and therefore is useful for defining antibody metabolism by nontumor tissues. Whole IgG remains in the body for 8.3 days, the majority of time in the carcass (53.0% of the total residence time); has a distribution volume exceeding that of plasma plus interstitial fluid; distributes into these volumes rapidly for most enteral organs (equilibration time less than 2.6 min for liver, spleen, kidney, and lung), slower for the gut (less than 20 min), and slowest for the carcass (less than 260 min); produces interstitial:plasma concentration ratios of greater than 0.5 for enteral organs and 0.18 for carcass; has the greatest percentage of its catabolism due to the gut (72.8%), followed by the liver (20.5%), then the spleen (3.6%); has the highest extraction on a single pass by the gut (0.14%) and cycles through the interstitial spaces of the body at least 2.8 times/g of organ weight before being metabolized or excreted. When compared with whole IgG, the Fab' fragment is cleared from the body 35 times faster; has a larger total distribution volume; distributes more rapidly into this volume; produces higher interstitial:plasma concentration ratios; is catabolized principally by the kidney (73.4% of total catabolism), followed by the gut (22.9%), then the spleen (3.1%); is extracted from the circulation to the extent of 3.4% on each pass through the kidney, and less by gut (1.0%) and spleen (0.14%) and cycles through non-kidney interstitial spaces at least 0.4 cycles/g of tissue weight before metabolism or excretion. The F(ab')2 fragment has pharmacokinetic characteristics that fall between those of whole IgG and Fab'. These results provide pharmacokinetic criteria for selecting whole IgG, F(ab')2, or Fab' for various in vivo applications; provide a framework for predicting cumulative tissue exposure to antibody labeled with different isotopes; and provide a reference metabolic state for the analysis of more complex systems that do include antibody binding.

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/46/8/3969.full.pdf

Pharmacokinetics of monoclonal immunoglobulin G1, F(ab')2, and Fab' in mice

Nine different antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are currently approved as cancer treatments, with dozens more in preclinical and clinical development. The primary goal of ADCs is to improve the therapeutic index of antineoplastic agents by restricting their systemic delivery to cells that express the target antigen of interest. Advances in synthetic biochemistry have ushered in a new generation of ADCs, which promise to improve upon the tissue specificity and cytotoxicity of their predecessors. Many of these drugs have impressive activity against treatment-refractory cancers, although hurdles impeding their broader use remain, including systemic toxicity, inadequate biomarkers for patient selection, acquired resistance and unknown benefit in combination with other cancer therapies. Emerging evidence indicates that the efficacy of a given ADC depends on the intricacies of how the antibody, linker and payload components interact with the tumour and its microenvironment, all of which have important clinical implications. In this Review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the design, mechanism of action and clinical efficacy of ADCs as well as the apparent limitations of this treatment class. We then propose a path forward by highlighting several hypotheses and novel strategies to maximize the potential benefit that ADCs can provide to patients with cancer. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) constitute a unique class of anticancer agents with demonstrated clinical efficacy against several different cancer types. Herein, the authors discuss the design and mechanisms of action of ADCs and how these properties are reflected in the clinical activity and toxicity profiles of such agents. Potential strategies to overcome the limitations of ADCs and thereby maximize their therapeutic benefit for patients with cancer are also proposed.

Unlocking the potential of antibody-drug conjugates for cancer therapy.

A radiolabeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) that has been shown to react specifically in vitro and ex vivo to human colorectal carcinoma and to inhibit growth of human carcinomas grafted in nude mice was administered to 52 colorectal carcinoma patients and 15 patients with other types of cancer. Of 63 colorectal carcinoma tumor sites studied, 34 showed significant accumulation of antibody by external photoscanning and tomoscintigraphy, whereas none of the 20 sites of other cancer types gave positive results. One-third of the patients received F(ab')2 fragments of the MAb, which gave a slightly higher percentage (61%) of positive results than did intact MAbs (51%). A few patients scheduled for tumor resection were given injections simultaneously of 131I-labeled MAb and 125I-labeled normal immunoglobulin G. Antibody concentration in resected tumors was 3.6 to 6.3 times higher than the average antibody concentration in adjacent normal tissues (1.5, 3.4, and 9.4 as compared with normal mucosa, serosa, and fat, respectively), and the specificity indices, calculated by differential radioactivity analysis, ranged from 2.1 to 5.1. The results show the potential value and limitations of this particular MAb for tumor detection by immunoscintigraphy.

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/43/11/5593.full.pdf

Tumor localization in patients by radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies against colon carcinoma.

Purified, [131I]-labeled goat antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen, which have been shown to localize in human carcinoma in nude mice, were injected into 27 patients with carcinoma. Patients were scanned with a scintillation camera at various intervals. In 11 patients, radioactivity was detectable in the tumor 48 hours after injection. Computerized subtraction of blood-pool radioactivity provided clearer pictures in positive cases, but in 16 patients the scans remained doubtful or negative. To study the specificity of [131I]-antibody localization, we gave some patients simultaneous injections of [125I]-labeled normal IgG. Both isotopes were measured by means of scintillation counting in tumors and normal tissues recovered after surgery. The results demonstrated that only the anti-CEA antibodies localized in tumors. However, the total antibody-derived radioactivity in the tumor was only about 0.001 of the injected dose. We conclude that, despite the present demonstration of specificity, thi...

Tumor localization of radiolabeled antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with carcinoma: a critical evaluation.

Tumor Localization of Radio-Labeled Antibodies

Research on tumor localization by radiolabeled antibodies was initiated almost 30 years ago by Pressman and Korngold (1953), who showed that labeled antibodies against Wagner osteosarcoma were concentrated in vivo in these tumors. One of Pressman’s major contributions in this field was to introduce the paired labeling method (Pressman et al. 1957), in which both antibodies and a control preparation of IgG, each labeled with a different isotope, are injected simultaneously into the same tumor-bearing animal. The measurement of radioactivity from each isotope in a dual channel scintillation counter allows one to distinguish the specific localization of antibodies in a tumor from the nonspecific accumulation of normal IgG, which is known to occur in the inflammatory and necrotic regions of a tumor (Cerottini and Isliker 1967). Using this method in golden hamsters bearing a human choriocarcinoma grafted into their cheek pouches, Quinones et al. (1971) showed that 125-labeled rabbit anti-human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) IgG antibody localized in the tumor. The control IgG, however, was also concentrated in the tumor, and only on day 4 after the injection was there was a significant, although moderate, increase in the concentration of relative to control IgG in the tumor.

Alfred Donath

Papers

Tumor localization of radiolabeled antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with carcinoma: a critical evaluation.

Tumor Localization of Radio-Labeled Antibodies

Immunoscintigraphy for the Detection of Human Carcinoma After Injection of Radiolabeled Monoclonal Anti-Carcino-embryonic Antigen Antibodies

Immunoscintigraphy with biosynthetically-labeled 75Se-antibodies—II. Comparison with antibodies labeled by radioiodination

Immunoscintigraphy with biosynthetically-labeled 75Se-antibodies--I. Biodistribution of 75Se-monoclonal antibodies and of free radionuclide.