抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The world of organic luminophores has been confined for a long time to fairly standard biological labeling applications and to certain analytical tests. Recently, however, the field has undergone a major change of direction, driven by the dual needs to develop novel organic electronic materials and to fuel the rapidly emerging nanotechnologies. Among the many diverse fluorescent molecules, the Bodipy family, first developed as luminescent tags and laser dyes, has become a cornerstone for these new applications. The near future looks extremely bright for "porphyrin's little sister".

The Chemistry of Fluorescent Bodipy Dyes: Versatility Unsurpassed

III. Foldamer Research 3910 A. Overview 3910 B. Motivation 3910 C. Methods 3910 D. General Scope 3912 IV. Peptidomimetic Foldamers 3912 A. The R-Peptide Family 3913 1. Peptoids 3913 2. N,N-Linked Oligoureas 3914 3. Oligopyrrolinones 3915 4. Oxazolidin-2-ones 3916 5. Azatides and Azapeptides 3916 B. The â-Peptide Family 3917 1. â-Peptide Foldamers 3917 2. R-Aminoxy Acids 3937 3. Sulfur-Containing â-Peptide Analogues 3937 4. Hydrazino Peptides 3938 C. The γ-Peptide Family 3938 1. γ-Peptide Foldamers 3938 2. Other Members of the γ-Peptide Family 3941 D. The δ-Peptide Family 3941 1. Alkene-Based δ-Amino Acids 3941 2. Carbopeptoids 3941 V. Single-Stranded Abiotic Foldamers 3944 A. Overview 3944 B. Backbones Utilizing Bipyridine Segments 3944 1. Pyridine−Pyrimidines 3944 2. Pyridine−Pyrimidines with Hydrazal Linkers 3945

A field guide to foldamers.

This critical review covers the advances made using the 4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) scaffold as a fluorophore in the design, synthesis and application of fluorescent indicators for pH, metal ions, anions, biomolecules, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, redox potential, chemical reactions and various physical phenomena. The sections of the review describing the criteria for rational design of fluorescent indicators and the mathematical expressions for analyzing spectrophotometric and fluorometric titrations are applicable to all fluorescent probes (206 references).

Fluorescent indicators based on BODIPY

Synthetic organic chemists enjoy the luxury of having a large collection of reliable reactions at their disposal for preparing small molecules, mesoscopic structures, and polymers. Coordination chemists, on the other hand, are faced with the fact that transition metal chemistry, when normalized for the number of transition metals, has relatively few high-yielding reactions, when compared to the chemistry of carbon, for preparing even small molecule structures. This lack of control is manifested, in large part, in the weak metal-ligand interactions found in coordination complexes as compared with the strong covalent bonds in organic compounds. Weak bonding often translates into many reaction pathways that are not substantially different from an energetic point of view, and therefore, results in poor selectivity. As a result, many coordination chemists in recent years have come to the realization that it may be easier and more productive to develop straightforward and reliable routes to mesoscopic supramolecular structures by capitalizing on the modest collection of high-yielding reactions in coordination chemistry, the directional bonding afforded by metal centers, and strategies aimed at taking advantage of the weak metal bonds found in coordination complexes. Three emerging synthetic strategies, the symmetry-interaction, directional-bonding, and weak-link synthetic approaches, all use metal centers as structural building blocks to rationally assemble molecular components into supramolecular metallocyclophanes. These three approaches are discussed herein, and the fundamental principles underlying each as well as their capabilities are compared and contrasted.

Alison Thompson

Papers

Advances in the chemistry of dipyrrins and their complexes.

Recent developments in the aerobic oxidation of alcohols

Synthesis of natural products containing the pyrrolic ring.

Novel catalytic and asymmetric process for aziridination mediated by sulfur ylides

The Use of Dipyrromethene Ligands in Supramolecular Chemistry