2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Companies are increasingly asked to provide innovative solutions to deep-seated problems of human misery, even as economic theory instructs managers to focus on maximizing their shareholders' wealt

Misery Loves Companies: Rethinking Social Initiatives by Business:

This paper is a book review of the book ‘The End of Poverty: Economic possibilities for our time’ written by Nobel Laureate Jeffrey Sacks (2005), an American renounced economist and director of the Earth Institute, Columbia University. In the book, Sachs talks about global poverty issues and their miseries in poor countries. Moreover, he provides statistics with examples of the many problems related to economic, educational, population, cultural, health and environmental issues. He narrates in detail the poverty of Malawi, Bangladesh, Kenya, India and Bolivia. The book compares and contrasts the economic histories of China, Russia and India. The book also narrates the current Chinese and Indian economic booms in the global context. The book contains economic histories of many countries; it has many suggestions for economic policy reforms and cooperation among rich and poor countries. It contains suggestions for improving donor funding plans, and strategies for ending poverty in poor countries. Jeffrey Sachs describes World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) activities and their wrong, stereotypical funding policies and strategies for different countries, particularly those in Africa. He identifies information technology (IT) flow, different technological innovations, technological change and its development (invention of the steam engine, use of coal, invention of the rail engine and railway, electrification of industry) and their contributions to world development. Poor countries are using less IT and technology; however. as a result, they get fewer benefits from them than rich countries. Hence there are needs for use of more IT in poor countries. The book suggests simultaneous trade investments in and aid to poor countries for their socio-economic development, in addition to technology and energy support to them. Moreover, at the end of the book, Jeffrey Sachs provides nine tips / actions / steps for ending poverty around the world: 1) adopt a plan of action; 2) raise the voice of the poor; 3) redeem the role of the United States in the World; 4) rescue the IMF and the World Bank (they have been misused as creditors; 5) run agencies, rather than international institutions, that represent all of the 182 member governments; 6) strengthen the United Nations; 7) harness global science; 8) promote sustainable development; 9) make a personal commitment. Author: Visiting Professor, Chittagong University, Bangladesh. Visiting Scholar, Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Canada. Associate Professor, Noble International University, USA. However, to fulfill Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), it is urgently necessary that rich countries donate the 0.7% Gross National per Capita (GNP) to poor countries that they committed to at the 1949 and other UN Conventions. Poverty exists in both poor and rich countries; therefore, it is necessary to challenge globalization with acts for proglobalization (good things) and initiate green social economic projects and services in rich as well as poor countries for the sake of ending their poverty.

The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time

Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies.

The cytokine storm has captured the attention of the public and the scientific community alike, and while the general notion of an excessive or uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines is well known, the concept of a cytokine storm and the biological consequences of cytokine overproduction are not clearly defined. Cytokine storms are associated with a wide variety of infectious and noninfectious diseases. The term was popularized largely in the context of avian H5N1 influenza virus infection, bringing the term into popular media. In this review, we focus on the cytokine storm in the context of virus infection, and we highlight how high-throughput genomic methods are revealing the importance of the kinetics of cytokine gene expression and the remarkable degree of redundancy and overlap in cytokine signaling. We also address evidence for and against the role of the cytokine storm in the pathology of clinical and infectious disease and discuss why it has been so difficult to use knowledge of the cytokine storm and immunomodulatory therapies to improve the clinical outcomes for patients with severe acute infections.

Into the Eye of the Cytokine Storm

http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~chaser/readings/HIV-AIDS-Afghan%20Case%20Study2/Lancet_2001_community-based_HIV_care_Farmer.pdf

Community-based approaches to HIV treatment in resource-poor settings.

In PLoS Medicine, volume 2, issue 10: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020318

Reference 3 [Deputy Secretary General United Nations (2004) Message to the inter-agency and expert meeting on MDG indicators Geneva 29 September–1 October 2004. New York: United Nations. Available: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/techgroup/Sept2004/message_to_inter_agency_mdg.pdf. Accessed 1 August 2005] was publicly accessible at the time of publication of Amir Attaran's article, but is no longer publicly accessible. This file can now be found as Text S1. 

Text S1Deputy Secretary-General's Message to the Inter-Agency and Expert Meeting on MDG Indicators: 
(44.5 KB DOC).

Click here for additional data file.(45K, doc)

https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020318&type=printable

An immeasurable crisis? A criticism of the millennium development goals and why they cannot be measured.

A range of antimalarial drugs were procured from private pharmacies in urban and peri-urban areas in the major cities of six African countries, situated in the part of that continent and the world that is most highly endemic for malaria. Semi-quantative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and dissolution testing were used to measure active pharamceutical ingredient content against internationally acceptable standards. 35% of all samples tested failed either or both tests, and were substandard. Further, 33% of treatments collected were artemisinin monotherapies, most of which (78%) were manufactured in disobservance of an appeal by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to withdraw these clinically inappropriate medicines from the market. The high persistence of substandard drugs and clinically inappropiriate artemisinin monotherapies in the private sector risks patient safety and, through drug resistance, places the future of malaria treatment at risk globally.

Antimalarial Drug Quality in the Most Severely Malarious Parts of Africa - A Six Country Study

Public debate has recently focused on the issue of improving access to AIDS treatment in poor, severely affected countries, such as those of sub-Saharan Africa. International intellectual property law and pharmaceutical patents have taken central stage in this debate and it is a live question whether patents on antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) in Africa are responsible for blocking access to life-saving treatment for the 25 million Africans who suffer HIV infection. We present in this study the current patent status of 15 ARVs in 53 African countries. Using a survey methodology, we find that these ARVs are patented in few African countries (median = 3, mode = 0 countries); and that in countries where ARV patents exist in 2001, it is generally only a small subset of ARVs that are patented (median and mode = 4 ARVs). The observed scarcity of patents cannot be explained by a lack of patent laws, since most African countries have offered patent protection for pharmaceuticals for many years or decades. Further, in this particular case, the geographic mosaic of patent coverage does not appear to correlate with ARV treatment access in Africa, which is poor everywhere, suggesting that patents and patent law are not generally de jure barriers to treatment access. We conclude that a variety of de facto barriers are more responsible for impeding access to ARV treatment, such as but not limited to the impoverishment of the African market; the high cost of ARV treatment; national regulatory requirements for medicines; tariffs and sales taxes; and above all, a lack of sufficient international financial aid to fund ARV treatment. We consider these findings in light of policies to enhance ARV treatment access in poor countries.

Do Patents for Antiretroviral Drugs Constrain Access to Aids Treatment in Africa

Public attention and debate recently have focused on access to treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in poor, severely affected countries, such as those in Africa. Whether patents on antiretroviral drugs in Africa are impeding access to lifesaving treatment for the 25 million Africans with human immunodeficiency virus infection is unknown. We studied the patent statuses of 15 antiretroviral drugs in 53 African countries. Using a survey method, we found that these antiretroviral drugs are patented in few African countries (median, 3; mode, 0) and that in countries where antiretroviral drug patents exist, generally only a small subset of antiretroviral drugs are patented (median and mode, 4). The observed scarcity of patents cannot be simply explained by a lack of patent laws because most African countries have offered patent protection for pharmaceuticals for many years. Furthermore, in this particular case, geographic patent coverage does not appear to correlate with antiretroviral treatment access in Africa, suggesting that patents and patent law are not a major barrier to treatment access in and of themselves. We conclude that a variety of de facto barriers are more responsible for impeding access to antiretroviral treatment, including but not limited to the poverty of African countries, the high cost of antiretroviral treatment, national regulatory requirements for medicines, tariffs and sales taxes, and, above all, a lack of sufficient international financial aid to fund antiretroviral treatment. We consider these findings in light of policies for enhancing antiretroviral treatment access in poor countries.

/pdf/do-patents-for-antiretroviral-drugs-constrain-access-to-aids-4zlhpnxqza.pdf

Amir Attaran

Papers

Community-based approaches to HIV treatment in resource-poor settings.

An immeasurable crisis? A criticism of the millennium development goals and why they cannot be measured.

Antimalarial Drug Quality in the Most Severely Malarious Parts of Africa - A Six Country Study

Do Patents for Antiretroviral Drugs Constrain Access to Aids Treatment in Africa

Do patents for antiretroviral drugs constrain access to AIDS treatment in Africa