One of the most important objectives of modern analytical chemistry is miniaturization, simplification and automation of the whole analytical procedure, especially to speed up sample treatment, which is currently the bottleneck of analysis. Introduction of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has greatly contributed to meeting this objective, due to its simplicity, rapidity of operation and low consumption of solvents and reagents. DLLME has attracted much interest from scientists working in separation science. Since its introduction in 2006 for preconcentration of organic analytes from water samples, a good number of works have reported efficient, quick extraction of organic or inorganic analytes. However, before using DLLME, there is a need to optimize carefully influential factors (e.g., types and volumes of extraction and disperser solvents, extraction time, sample amount, pH, and salt addition). The present review focuses on applications of DLLME for extracting organic analytes (e.g., pesticides, pharmaceuticals, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) from the time that DLLME was introduced to the end of December 2009. We pay special attention to those works that represent an improvement in the technique and the most challenging applications.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of organic analytes

Recent development and applications of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

Recent advances in applications of single-drop microextraction: A review

During the past 7 years and since the introduction of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), the method has gained widespread acceptance as a simple, fast, and miniaturized sample preparation technique. Owing to its simplicity of operation, rapidity, low cost, high recovery, and low consumption of organic solvents and reagents, it has been applied for determination of a vast variety of organic and inorganic compounds in different matrices. This review summarizes the DLLME principles, historical developments, and various modes of the technique, recent trends, and selected applications. The main focus is on recent technological advances and important applications of DLLME. In this review, six important aspects in the development of DLLME are discussed: (1) the type of extraction solvent, (2) the type of disperser solvent, (3) combination of DLLME with other extraction methods, (4) automation of DLLME, (5) derivatization reactions in DLLME, and (6) the application of DLLME for metal analysis. Literature published from 2010 to April 2013 is covered.

Recent developments in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

Ionic liquids (ILs) have drawn considerable interest for their use in various analytical techniques including chromatography, extractions, and mass spectrometry. This is largely due to the flexibility in tuning the physicochemical properties of ILs. There has been a significant increase in the number of publications over the last decade in which ILs have been employed as a chromatographic stationary phase, extraction solvent, or sorbent material in various preconcentration techniques. This review article highlights the recent advancements in the use of ILs in separation science including gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, extraction and microextraction techniques as well as mass spectrometry.

Recent advances of ionic liquids in separation science and mass spectrometry

Quantitation of mononitrotoluenes in aquatic environment using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection.

http://www.mop.ir/portal/File/ShowFile.aspx?ID=793f047a-f7cf-49fa-9de7-832288489336

Solid drop based liquid-phase microextraction.

Applications of carbon-based conductive nanomaterials in biosensors

Herein, a concise review of the latest developments in catalytic processes involving organic reactions is presented, focusing on magnetic catalytic systems (MCSs). In recent years, various micro- and nanoscale magnetic catalysts have been prepared through different methods based on optimized reaction conditions and utilized in complex organic synthesis or degradation reactions of pharmaceutical compounds. These biodegradable, biocompatible and eco-benign MCSs have achieved the principles of green chemistry, and thus their usage is highly advocated. In addition, MCSs can shorten the reaction time, effectively accelerate reactions, and significantly upgrade both pharmaceutical synthesis and degradation mechanisms by preventing unwanted side reactions. Moreover, the other significant benefits of MCSs include their convenient magnetic separation, high stability and reusability, inexpensive raw materials, facile preparation routes, and surface functionalization. In this review, our aim is to present at the recent improvements in the structure of versatile MCSs and their characteristics, i.e., magnetization, recyclability, structural stability, turnover number (TON), and turnover frequency (TOF). Concisely, different hybrid and multifunctional MCSs are discussed. Additionally, the applications of MCSs for the synthesis of different pharmaceutical ingredients and degradation of organic wastewater contaminants such as toxic dyes and drugs are demonstrated.

/pdf/functionalized-hybrid-magnetic-catalytic-systems-on-micro-1ifesb4w.pdf

Functionalized hybrid magnetic catalytic systems on micro- and nanoscale utilized in organic synthesis and degradation of dyes

A simple and efficient method, ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), has been applied for the extraction and determination of some antioxidants (Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076 and Irgafos 168) in water samples. The microextraction efficiency factors were investigated and optimized: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C 6 MIM][PF 6 ] (0.06 g) as extracting solvent, methanol (0.5 mL) as disperser solvent without salt addition. Under the selected conditions, enrichment factors up to 48-fold, limits of detection (LODs) of 5.0-10.0 ng/mL and dynamic linear ranges of 25-1500 ng/mL were obtained. A reasonable repeatability (RSD≤ 11.8%, n = 5) with satisfactory linearity (r 2 ≥ 0.9954) of the results illustrated a good performance of the presented method. The accuracy of the method was tested by the relative recovery experiments on spiked samples, with results ranging from 85 to 118%. Finally, the method was successfully applied for determination of the analytes in several real water samples.

Quantitation of antioxidants in water samples using ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection

Amir Kashtiaray

Papers

Quantitation of mononitrotoluenes in aquatic environment using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection.

Solid drop based liquid-phase microextraction.

Applications of carbon-based conductive nanomaterials in biosensors

Functionalized hybrid magnetic catalytic systems on micro- and nanoscale utilized in organic synthesis and degradation of dyes

Quantitation of antioxidants in water samples using ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection