Anisakidosis is a zoonotic parasitosis induced by members of the family Anisakidae. The anisakid genera includes Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, Hysterothylacium and Contracaecum. The final definitive hosts of these nematodes are marine mammals with a complex life cycle. These nematode parasites use different crustaceans and fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts and humans are accidental hosts. Human anisakiasis, the infections caused by members of the genus Anisakis, occurs, when seafoods, particularly fish, contaminated with the infective stage (third stage larvae [L3]) of this parasite, are consumed. Pseudoterranovosis, on the other hand is induced by members of the genus Pseudoterranova. These two genera of anisakids have been implicated in human disease globally. There is a rise in reports of gastro-intestinal infections accompanied by allergic reactions caused by Anisakis simplex and Anisakis pegreffii. This review provides an update on current knowledge on Anisakis as a food-borne parasite with special focus on the increasingly reported diversity of fish and crustacean hosts, allergens and immunological cross-reactivity with invertebrate proteins rendering this parasite a significant public health issue.

Anisakis Nematodes in Fish and Shellfish- from infection to allergies

This paper presents the reviews of scientific papers published in 2018 issues on the effects of anthropogenic pollution on the aquatic organisms dwelling in freshwater ecosystem at global scale. The first part of the study provides the summary of relevant literature reviews followed by field and survey based studies. The second part is based on categories of different classes/sources of pollutants which affect freshwater organism. This is composed of several sections including metals and metalloids, wastewater and effluents, sediments, nutrients, pharmaceuticals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs, emerging contaminants, pesticides, herbicides, and endocrine disruptors. The final part of the study highlights the reviews of published research work on new pollutants such as microplastics and engineered nanoparticles which affect the freshwater organisms. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Heavy metals concentrations should be assessed at nano-scale in aquatic environment. Air pollutants could have long-term effects on freshwater ecosystem. Future studies should focus on bioremediations of freshwater pollution.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wer.1221

Effects of pollution on freshwater aquatic organisms.

Advances in organophosphorus pesticides pollution: Current status and challenges in ecotoxicological, sustainable agriculture, and degradation strategies

The comet assay has become one of the methods of choice for the evaluation and measurement of DNA damage. It is sensitive, quick to perform and relatively affordable for the evaluation of DNA damage and repair at the level of individual cells. The comet assay can be applied to virtually any cell type derived from different organs and tissues. Even though the comet assay is predominantly used on human cells, the application of the assay for the evaluation of DNA damage in yeast, plant and animal cells is also quite high, especially in terms of biomonitoring. The present extensive overview on the usage of the comet assay in animal models will cover both terrestrial and water environments. The first part of the review was focused on studies describing the comet assay applied in invertebrates. The second part of the review, (Part 2) will discuss the application of the comet assay in vertebrates covering cyclostomata, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, in addition to chordates that are regarded as a transitional form towards vertebrates. Besides numerous vertebrate species, the assay is also performed on a range of cells, which includes blood, liver, kidney, brain, gill, bone marrow and sperm cells. These cells are readily used for the evaluation of a wide spectrum of genotoxic agents both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the use of vertebrate models and their role in environmental biomonitoring will also be discussed as well as the comparison of the use of the comet assay in vertebrate and human models in line with ethical principles. Although the comet assay in vertebrates is most commonly used in laboratory animals such as mice, rats and lately zebrafish, this paper will only briefly review its use regarding laboratory animal models and rather give special emphasis to the increasing usage of the assay in domestic and wildlife animals as well as in various ecotoxicological studies.

/pdf/the-comet-assay-in-animal-models-from-bugs-to-whales-part-1-49pm4pf0k4.pdf

The comet assay in animal models: From bugs to whales - (Part 1 Invertebrates).

Hematological, physiological and genotoxicological effects of Match 5% EC insecticide on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails.

Schistosomiasis remains a public health problem in the developing world. Biomphalaria alexandrina is the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, with a widespread distribution in Egypt. In Egypt molluscicides have been important, but otherwise molluscicides have been of minor significance. They may, however, become important now that WHO talks about eradicating schistosomiasis in some countries and that WHO has finally accepted that snail control is important.The present study investigated the different effects of three commercial herbicidical compounds, Butralin (as Amex 48% EC), glyphosate isopropylammonium (Herphosate 48% SL) and Pendimethalin (Stomp 50% EC) on B. alexandrina. All three compounds were found to have a molluscicidal effect, with Pendimethalin the most toxic over the examined range of concentrations. In addition, at sublethal concentrations, these compounds reduced growth rates and reproductive output (numbers of eggs laid) in exposed B. alexandrina, and it reduced viability of...

The Impact of Three Herbicides on Biological and Histological Aspects of Biomphalaria alexandrina, Intermediate Host of Schistosoma mansoni

Biomphalaria alexandrina snails have been used as bioindicators for freshwater qaulity and the effects of some herbicides such as butralin, glyphosate-isopropylammonium and pendimethalin). In the p...

Toxicological impact of butralin, glyphosate-isopropylammonium and pendimethalin herbicides on physiological parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails

The prevalence of infection and the identification of anisakid larvae in European hake Merluccius merluccius lessepsianus from Hurghada City, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, were investigated. Fish samples were collected during the period of February and November 2014. Twenty-two (36.66%) out of sixty examined fish specimens were found to be naturally infected with Anisakis type I larvae mostly found as encapsulated larvae in visceral organs. There was a positive relationship between host length/weight and prevalence of infection. Based on morphological, morphometric, and molecular analyses, these nematodes were identified as third-stage larvae of Anisakis simplex. The present study was considered as the first report of anisakid larvae from European hake in the Egyptian water.

/pdf/first-record-of-anisakis-simplex-third-stage-larvae-nematoda-3xl8yzldjc.pdf

First Record of Anisakis simplex Third-Stage Larvae (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in European Hake Merluccius merluccius lessepsianus in Egyptian Water

Lymnaea natalensis is the snail intermediate host for Fasciola spp. parasites. The purpose of the present investigation is to detect the different trematodes’ larval stages in this snail from three rural localities in Giza Governorate (ElZeidia, Oseem, and ElMansuria), Egypt as examples and detecting the percentage of infection with Fasciola spp. and other trematodes cercariae. The samples were collected and examined for parasitic cercariae infections by using cercarial emergence and crushing techniques. From total examined snails, it was found that the infected snails included five types of the cercarial stages beside Fasciola cercariae and three types of metacercariae. These cercariae were xiphidio cercariae, gymnocephalus, echinostome cercariae, virgulate cercariae, Echinochasmus pelecani, and Palaeorchis cercariae. The infection rate in snails collected from ElZeidia was the higher infection rate (84%) than others from Oseem (76%) and ElMansuria (62%). These findings confirmed that L. natalensis snails are not only a suitable intermediate host for Fasciola spp. but also for several parasites and play an important role in the transfer of different parasitic diseases to animals and humans.

/pdf/trematode-cercarial-fauna-obtained-from-the-field-collected-1utpe68n6b.pdf

Amira Kamal Ahmed

Papers

Hematological, physiological and genotoxicological effects of Match 5% EC insecticide on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails.

The Impact of Three Herbicides on Biological and Histological Aspects of Biomphalaria alexandrina, Intermediate Host of Schistosoma mansoni

Toxicological impact of butralin, glyphosate-isopropylammonium and pendimethalin herbicides on physiological parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails

First Record of Anisakis simplex Third-Stage Larvae (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in European Hake Merluccius merluccius lessepsianus in Egyptian Water

Trematode cercarial fauna obtained from the field-collected freshwater snails Lymnaea natalensis in Egypt