In-Vitro cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and UV protection properties of the biosynthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles for medical textile applications.

Patulin and citrinin are mycotoxins produced by certain fungi mainly belonging to Penicillium and Aspergillus and may be detected in mouldy fruits and fruit products. The data presented here refer to the simultaneous occurrence of patulin and citrinin in 351 samples of seven different varieties of apples with small rotten areas (Casanova, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Reineta, Richared, Rome Beauty, Starking). A rapid multidetection thin layer chromatography (TLC) method was used. The minimum detectable concentrations of patulin and citrinin were 120-130 and 15-20 micrograms kg-1 respectively. The percentage contamination with patulin only was higher (68.6%) than that with citrinin only (3.9%). Patulin and citrinin (19.6%) were also detected simultaneously. The highest mean patulin content was 80.50 mg kg-1 for the Richared variety, but the mean level of citrinin was lower. The lowest mean contaminations of patulin were found in Rome Beauty, Red Delicious and Reineta, ranging from 3.06 to 5.37 mg kg-1. All analysed apples varieties had low citrinin contamination, ranging from 0.32 to 0.92 mg kg-1. These findings indicate that there may be a risk of human exposure to patulin through the consumption of juices and jams manufactured with apples with small rotten areas.

Co-occurrence of patulin and citrinin in Portuguese apples with rotten spots Part A Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment

In this study, biomass of grass waste (GW) was utilized as sustainable precursor to produce highly porous activated carbon (GWAC) with mesoporosity using a K2CO3-assisted pyrolysis approach and tested for its methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption properties. The prepared GWAC was characterized using the various techniques of specific surface area (SSA), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer. The characterization results indicate the successful conversion of GW into mesoporous GWAC with high and desirable surface area of 1245.6 m2/g. The adsorptive performance of GWAC towards MB uptake was evaluated. To attain higher performance of the activated carbon for MB adsorption, the adsorption key parameters such as GWAC dosage (A: 0.04–0.06 g/L), pH (B: 4–10), temperature (C: 30–60 °C), and time (D: 5–15 min) were optimized using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) method. The adsorption equilibrium data were accurately described by the Langmuir model, where the adsorption capacity (qm; 364.2 mg/g) was recorded at the optimized process temperature of 45 °C. The present research also examined the mechanisms associated with the removal of MB using GWAC and observed the contribution of various MB-GWAC surface interactions (e.g., electrostatic, π-π, and H-bonding interactions). The present investigation shows the utility and effectiveness of GW biomass based activated carbon due to its favorable mesoporosity and cationic dye uptake in aqueous media.

Statistical modeling and mechanistic pathway for methylene blue dye removal by high surface area and mesoporous grass-based activated carbon using K2CO3 activator

Fruits and vegetables are the highly used food products amongst the horticultural crops These items are consumed uncooked, nominally cooked or fully cooked, according to their nature and cooking process With the change in diet habits and rising population, the production, as well as the processing of horticultural crops, has exponentially improved to meet its increasing demand A large amount of peel waste is generated from fruit and vegetable-based industries and household kitchen and has led to a big nutritional and economic loss and environmental problems Processing of fruits and vegetables alone generates a significant waste, which amounts to 25–30% of the total product Most common wastes include pomace, peels, rind and seeds, which are highly rich in valuable bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, enzymes, polyphenols, oils, vitamins and many other compounds These bioactive compounds show their application in various industries such as food to develop edible films, food industries for probiotics and other industries for valuable products The utilization of these low-cost waste horticultural wastes for producing the value-added product is a novel step in its sustainable utilization The present review intends to summarize the different types of waste originating from fruits as well as vegetables peels and highlight their potential in developing edible films, probiotics, nanoparticles, carbon dots, microbial media, biochar and biosorbents

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/12/2812/pdf

Fruit and Vegetable Peels: Utilization of High Value Horticultural Waste in Novel Industrial Applications

Nanomaterials represent one of the most promising frontiers in the research for improved antioxidants. Some nanomaterials, including organic (i.e. melanin, lignin) metal oxides (i.e. cerium oxide) or metal (i.e. gold, platinum) based nanoparticles, exhibit intrinsic redox activity that is often associated with radical trapping and/or with superoxide dismutase-like and catalase-like activities. Redox inactive nanomaterials can be transformed into antioxidants by grafting low molecular weight antioxidants on them. Herein, we propose a classification of nanoantioxidants based on their mechanism of action, and we review the chemical methods used to measure antioxidant activity by providing a rationale of the chemistry behind them.

Antioxidant activity of nanomaterials

Ecofriendly novel synthesis of tertiary composite based on cellulose and myco-synthesized selenium nanoparticles: Characterization, antibiofilm and biocompatibility.

In this study, green and eco-friendly biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) were performed using Penicillium expansum ATTC 36200 for multiple biomedical applications. Mycosynthesized Se-NPs were completely characterized using UV, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM techniques. Se-NPs biosynthesized by P. expansum was characterized as a spherical shape with average size 4 to 12.7 nm. Moreover, Se-NPs were evaluated for multiple biomedical applications as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities and hemocompatibility. Results illustrated that Se-NPs have potential antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis ATCC6051 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC23235), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC8739and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027), fungi (Candida albicans ATCC90028, Aspergillus niger RCMB 02724 and Aspergillus fumigatus RCMB 02568), and antioxidant activity. Additionally, Se-NPs exhibited anticancer activity against PC3 cell line; IC50 was 99.25 μg/mL. Meanwhile, they showed non-hemolytic activity on human RBCs at concentration up to 250 μg/mL. In conclusion, biosynthetic Se-NPs by P. expansum are promising for many safe-use biomedical applications.

Biomedical Applications of Mycosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles Using Penicillium expansum ATTC 36200.

Green and ecofriendly bio-removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using biologically activated banana peel waste

Endophytic fungi are broadly dispersed residing inside plant tissues and have been demonstrated as a treasure for bioactive natural products. Unexplored harsh and heavy metal contaminant habitat of Avicennia marina may have diverse and potential fungal association. Therefore, this work aimed to isolate the culturable fungal endophytes associated with leaves of A. marina and to evaluate their medical potentialities. Seventeen isolates of endophyte fungi were isolated from healthy leaves and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Results showed that isolates had activity against micro-organisms in addition to their antioxidant activity produced a variety of phenolic compounds, besides exhibited a lowest cytotoxicity against ATCC-CCL-81 cell line. Consequently, selected endophytic fungal isolates were identified genetically as Chaetomium sp., Chaetomium madrasense, Chaetomium sp., Chaetomium globosum, Aspergillus hiratsukae, Aspergillus ochraceus, Alternaria tenuissima and Curvularia lunata with gene bank accession numbers MT089951, MT089952, MT089953, MT089954, MT089955, MT089956, MT089957 and MT089958 respectively. The most potent fungus extract was analysed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry which verified the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. These findings confirmed that new endophytic fungal strains derived from A. marina thrive in harsh ecosystem produce bioactive metabolites which can be recommended as a novel source for drug discovery.

Fungal endophytes from leaves of Avicennia marina growing in semi-arid environment as a promising source for bioactive compounds.

Rhizoctonia root-rot disease causes severe economic losses in a wide range of crops, including Vicia faba worldwide. Currently, biosynthesized nanoparticles have become super-growth promoters as well as antifungal agents. In this study, biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have been examined as growth promoters as well as antifungal agents against Rhizoctonia solani RCMB 031001 in vitro and in vivo. Se-NPs were synthesized biologically by Bacillus megaterium ATCC 55000 and characterized by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. TEM and DLS images showed that Se-NPs are mono-dispersed spheres with a mean diameter of 41.2 nm. Se-NPs improved healthy Vicia faba cv. Giza 716 seed germination, morphological, metabolic indicators, and yield. Furthermore, Se-NPs exhibited influential antifungal activity against R. solani in vitro as well as in vivo. Results revealed that minimum inhibition and minimum fungicidal concentrations of Se-NPs were 0.0625 and 1 mM, respectively. Moreover, Se-NPs were able to decrease the pre-and post-emergence of R. solani damping-off and minimize the severity of root rot disease. The most effective treatment method is found when soaking and spraying were used with each other followed by spraying and then soaking individually. Likewise, Se-NPs improve morphological and metabolic indicators and yield significantly compared with infected control. In conclusion, biosynthesized Se-NPs by B. megaterium ATCC 55000 are a promising and effective agent against R. solani damping-off and root rot diseases in Vicia faba as well as plant growth inducer.

Amr H. Hashem

Papers

Ecofriendly novel synthesis of tertiary composite based on cellulose and myco-synthesized selenium nanoparticles: Characterization, antibiofilm and biocompatibility.

Biomedical Applications of Mycosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles Using Penicillium expansum ATTC 36200.

Green and ecofriendly bio-removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using biologically activated banana peel waste

Fungal endophytes from leaves of Avicennia marina growing in semi-arid environment as a promising source for bioactive compounds.

Bacillus megaterium-Mediated Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles and Their Antifungal Activity against Rhizoctonia solani in Faba Bean Plants.