This overview evaluates the capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS) in combination with gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for the determination of a multitude of pesticides. The selection of pesticides for this assessment is based on the status of production, the existence of regulations on maximum residue levels in food, and the frequency of residue detection. GC-MS with electron impact (EI) ionization and the combination of LC with tandem mass spectrometers (LC-MS/MS) using electrospray ionization (ESI) are identified as techniques most often applied in multi-residue methods for pesticides at present. Therefore, applicability and sensitivity obtained with GC-EI-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS is individually compared for each of the selected pesticides. Only for one substance class only, the organochlorine pesticides, GC-MS achieves better performance. For all other classes of pesticides, the assessment shows a wider scope and better sensitivity if detection is based on LC-MS.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/mas.20091

Residue analysis of 500 high priority pesticides: better by gc-ms or lc-ms/ms?

Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: an emerging class of environmental micropollutants

Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE).

Stir bar sorptive extraction for trace analysis

Combined liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using electrospray or atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization has become an important tool in the quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in various matrices in relation to environmental analysis, food safety, and biological exposure monitoring. One of the major problems in the quantitative analysis using LC-MS is that compound and matrix-dependent response suppression or enhancement may occur, the so-called matrix effect. This article reviews issues related to matrix effects, focusing on quantitative pesticide analysis, but also paying attention to expertise with respect to matrix effects acquired in other application areas of LC-MS, especially quantitative bioanalysis in the course of drug development.

Matrix effects in quantitative pesticide analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Reactive oxygen species induced by beauvericin, patulin and zearalenone in CHO-K1 cells.

Pressurized liquid extraction combined with capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry as an improved methodology for the determination of sulfonamide residues in meat.

Capillary electrophoresis for analyzing pesticides in fruits and vegetables using solid-phase extraction and stir-bar sorptive extraction.

A specific pressure-assisted CE-MS method is described for the analysis of five quinolone residues. MS using a single quadrupole is compared with multiple-stage MS using a quadrupole IT (QIT-MS(n)). The procedure involves a common sample preparation by SPE on disposable cartridges. The most suitable electrolyte is 60 mM (NH(4))(2)CO(3) at pH 9.2. Single quadrupole does not provide enough fragmentation to confirm identities according to the current legislation. However, QIT-MS(n) achieves selective fragmentation. Using this method, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, ofloxacin, and pipemidic acid are analyzed in fortified samples of chicken and fish. Recoveries at levels of 50 ng/g were 62-99%, except for flumequine, which gives recoveries > or =45%. RSDs are from 9 to 16% and the LOD is equal (20 ng/g) for the five analytes. Confirmation of the quinolones' identity is achieved using QIT-MS(3). Forty samples of chicken and fish taken from different local markets are analyzed. Enrofloxacin is also determined in incurred chicken muscle using this method.

Ana Juan-García

Papers

Reactive oxygen species induced by beauvericin, patulin and zearalenone in CHO-K1 cells.

Pressurized liquid extraction combined with capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry as an improved methodology for the determination of sulfonamide residues in meat.

Capillary electrophoresis for analyzing pesticides in fruits and vegetables using solid-phase extraction and stir-bar sorptive extraction.

Determination of quinolone residues in chicken and fish by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

Cytotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mammalian kidney cells.