municable disease control to the newer responsibilities of the hazards of ionizing radiation and medical defense against atomic attack. The individual topics are adequately developed with emphasis, in the majority, on brevity of presentation rather than complete and exhaustive detail. References are listed after each chapter for the reader desiring more definitive information. \"Epidemiologic Methods and Inferences\" by Dr. Dienfeld and \"Official and Voluntary Health Agencies\" by Dr. Hilleboe are two chapters which offer especially well-organized, succinct, and effective discussions of their respective subjects. The editors state in their preface that they are presenting \". . a new way to look at preventive medicine for the medical students, general practitioners, specialists, and professional workers in official and voluntary health agencies.\" In the opinion of the reviewer, the authors have achieved their purpose by editing a book which is more an introductory text than a reference tome.

Histochemistry, Theoretical and Applied.

The conquest of freshwater and land by marine crabs: adaptations in life-history patterns and larval bioenergetics

Certain Lamellibranchs have the latero-frontal tract composed of large complex ‘cilia’, here called eu-latero-frontal cilia , together with subsidiary ones, termed pro-latero-frontal cilia. This type of latero-frontal tract occurs in some or all of the three families of Protobranchs (there is some doubt as to the presence of pro-latero-frontal cilia in all the families), and in the Mytilidae and probably the Trigoniidae (fixation too imperfect for the identification of pro-latero-frontal cilia) among the Filibranchs, and in all the marine families of Eulamellibranchs obtainable at Plymouth, and in the fresh-water families, Dreissensiidae, Sphaeriidae, Unionidae, Mutelidae, and Aetheriidae. A list of the species investigated is given.

Other Lamellibranchs, which were previously considered as lacking latero-frontal cilia, have been found to possess small ones only, difficult of observation, termed micro-latero-frontal cilia. These occur in the Arcidae, Anomiidae, Pteriidae, Pectinidae, Spondylidae, Limidae, Pinnidae, and are inferred to be present in the Amussiidae, Vulsellidae, and Isognomonidae, in which eu-latero-frontal cilia are certainly absent. A list of the species examined is given.

In one family, the Ostreidae, moderate-sized latero-frontal cilia, termed anomalous latero-frontal cilia, together with subsidiary ones, termed para-latero-frontal cilia are present.

In bivalves having eu-latero-frontal cilia the arrangement of the various ciliary tracts, frontal, latero-frontal, and lateral is fairly constant, notable exceptions being a Protobraneh, Nuculana, and a Filibranch, Trigonia . In bivalves having micro-latero-frontal cilia the arrangement of the various tracts seems more or less constant.

The homology of the various types of latero-frontal cilia is discussed. The composition of the latero-frontal ciliated tracts has been found to be a stable character, and, as it is correlated with other characters, has taxonomic value.

It is suggested that the variations in the constitution of the latero-frontal tracts tend to show that Ridewood's (1903) classification does not express genetic affinities, as he himself conceded, nor does Pelseneer's (1911) entirely, and that Pelseneer's order Filibranchia, and Ridewood's orders Bleutherorhabda and Synaptorhabda are not monophyletic.

Families possessing micro-latero-frontal cilia appear to be closely related, and form a group, which, with certain modifications, corresponds to ‘the Aviculidae and their allies’, or the ‘sedentary’ branch of Lamellibranchs, previously established by the palaeontologists, Jackson and Douville respectively, largely on shell characters. Thus the constitution of the laterofrontal tracts of the gill filaments supports the findings of palaeontologists with regard to this group. Unfortunately neither Jackson nor Douville proposed a formal name for the group.

The relationship of forms with micro-latero-frontal cilia, and the evolution within the group of the eulamellibranchiate or synaptorhabdic gill are discussed. One family, the Ostreidae, which must be included on account of its relationship with either the Pteriacea or Pectinacea (based on other evidence) has moderatesized, or anomalous latero-frontal cilia together with paralatero-frontal cilia. The anomalous latero-frontal cilia differ in certain respects from the large cilia characteristic of the majority of the Laraellibranchia, and are presumed to have arisen independently.

Common characters of the group characterized by the possession of micro-latero-frontal cilia, in addition to the form of the latero-frontal cilia, are: (1) shell characters of the prodissoconch, Arcidae excepted; (2) byssal fixation; (3) considerable free posterior region to the gill axes; (4) considerable development of muscles in the gill axes, Ostreidae excepted; (5) method of division of the pallial cavity, Ostreidae excepted; (6) gills without a supra-axial extension to the outer demibranch; (7) presence of longitudinal currents at the free ventral edge of both inner and outer demibranchs; and of opposed frontal currents on all lamellae and frequently on the same filament, Pinnidae excepted; (8) absence of pallial sutures, Pinnidae and Ostreidae excepted; (9) inner fold of the mantle margin characteristically well developed, especially in swimming forms; (10) insertion of the retractor muscles of the mantle margin at a considerable distance from the shell edge, Arcidae excepted; (11) tendency for members, except the Ostreidae, to lie on the right valve; (12) abdominal sense organs on the posterior adductor muscle; and (13) intercommunication of the auricles, Anomiidae excepted.

Two groups of the Lamellibranchia are proposed provisionally, namely Group I, Macrociliobranchia, including the orders Protobranchia (Pelseneer), Filibranchia (emended to include only the Mytilacea and Trigoniacea), Eulamellibranchia (Pelseneer, 1911), and Septibranchia (Pelseneer); and Group II, Microciliobranchia, with the order Pseudolamellibranchia, emended to include the sub-orders Arcacea (excluding the Trigoniidae), Anomiacea, Pteriacea, Pectinacea, and Ostreacea. The Macrociliobranchia will need revision, for it is very probable that the Filibranchia (emended), if not the Eulamellibranchia, are still not monophyletic.

Memoirs: On the Ciliary Mechanisms and Interrelationships of Lamellibranchs

Bioaccumulation describes the ability for microbes or other biological cells to accumulate heavy-metal species from the ambient environment. It has attracted extensive attention in the field of heavy metal remediation and precious metal recovery. Bioaccumulation has also shown great potential for adsorption and preconcentration of ultra-trace levels of heavy metals for their analysis and speciation. Genetic engineering and chemical modification of biological cells open up new avenues for bioaccumulative preconcentration of heavy-metal species for selective analysis and speciation of such metals in combination with spectrometric techniques. We focus on recent progress in genetic and chemical approaches to bioremediation and their applications in selective preconcentration and speciation of heavy-metal species. We also outline the uptake mechanisms of bioaccumulation and key issues in the biosorption of heavy metals and their analysis and speciation. Finally, we discuss future perspectives in the bioaccumulation of heavy-metal species and their analysis and speciation.

Genetic and chemical modification of cells for selective separation and analysis of heavy metals of biological or environmental significance

Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of ubiquitous, biologically interesting proteins that have been isolated and studied in a wide variety of organisms, including prokaryotes, plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. Due to the property of MTs being metal-inducible and their high affinity to metal ions, homeostasis of heavy-metal levels is probably their most important biological function. MTs are also involved in other important biochemical pathways, including scavenging of reactive oxygen species, activation of transcription factors and participation in carcinogenesis. Detection and quantification of MTs are not simple due to the unique primary structure and their relatively low molecular mass. Analytical methods are based on: a) detection of bound metal ion; b) detection of free ‐SH groups; c) protein mobility in electrical field; and, d) interaction with different types of sorbent. This review highlights techniques used for detection and determination of MTs with discussion of the advantages and the disadvantages of particular approaches.

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Vertebrate metallothioneins as target molecules for analytical techniques

Summary The larval development of Pachygrapsus gracilis was studied in the laboratory under conditions of 25°C temperature and 20, 24, 28, 32 and 34% salinity. The objective of the study was to characterize the plankton phase of life of this species.

Zoeal morphology of pachygrapsus-gracilis (saussure, 1858) (decapoda, grapsidae) reared in the laboratory

The use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a sorbent material to separate Cd(II) and Cd-metallothionein complex (Cd-MT) has been explored. Solid–liquid phase extractions were carried out in batch mode and the main parameters of the process (pH, temperature, time of incubation, amount of biomass and analyte) were evaluated. Under optimized conditions, the yeast quantitatively retain (94 ± 5%) the Cd(II) while 97 ± 2% of the Cd-MT remain in the supernatant. On base of the findings of this study, a simple method is proposed to determine Cd(II) and Cd-MT in cytosols extracted from mouse kidney and crab hepatopancreas. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was used to quantify the analytes in solid and liquid phase. Determination of Cd in the solid phase was carried out by introducing a slurry of the yeast (0.0625 g/10 mL) directly to the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. Mixed standards solutions, which also have been submitted to the extraction procedure, were used to quantify the analytes in the samples. Thus, matrix effects due to nebulization of the slurry were overcame. Limits of detection (3σ) for Cd(II) and Cd-MT were 1.5 and 1.2 µg L−1, respectively. Relative standard deviations of signals were 4.2% for measurements in the slurry of solid phase and 2.1% for measurements in the liquid phase. Recoveries of the analytes in cytosol samples were between 76 and 114%. The concentrations of Cd(II) (2.4 ± 0.5 µg L−1) and Cd-MT (3.0 ± 0.5 µg L−1) found by using the proposed approach were close to those found by tangential-flow ultrafiltration technique (2.6 ± 0.7 µg L−1 for Cd(II) and 3.7 ± 1.7 µg L−1 for Cd-MT).

Determination of Cd(II) and Cd-metallothioneins in biological extracts using baker's yeast and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Determination of labile barium in petroleum-produced formation water using paper-based DGT samplers.

Nous avons etudie le developpement post-embryonnaire de Clibanarius sclopetarius (Herbst, 1796) provenant de Sao Sebastiâo, Etat de Sao Paulo, Bresil. Les larves ont ete elevees au laboratoire dans un milieu dont la salinite etait de 35°/°° et la temperature de 25 ± 2°C, avec Artemia salina comme nourriture. Nous avons observe quatre ou cinq stades zoe avant le stade megalope. Tous ces stades sont dessines et decrits de facon detaillee. D'autre part, des comparaisons morphologiques sont faites entre les donnees obtenues ici et celles deja connues pour d'autres especes appartenant au meme genre. L'etude de la morphologie des larves est du plus grand interet pour l'etablissement des rapports phylogenetiques parmi les Crustaces.

Ana Luiza Brossi-Garcia

Papers

Zoeal morphology of pachygrapsus-gracilis (saussure, 1858) (decapoda, grapsidae) reared in the laboratory

Determination of Cd(II) and Cd-metallothioneins in biological extracts using baker's yeast and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Determination of labile barium in petroleum-produced formation water using paper-based DGT samplers.

Morphology of the Larval Stages of Clibanarius Sclopetarius (Herbst, 1796) (Decapoda, Diogenidae) Reared in the Laboratory

Postembryonic development of Macrobrachium petronioi (Caridea : Palaemonidae) in the laboratory