Mechanism of intranasal drug delivery directly to the brain.

Nanoemulsions have attracted great attention in research, dosage form design and pharmacotherapy. This is as a result of a number of attributes peculiar to nanoemulsions such as optical clarity, ease of preparation, thermodynamic stability and increased surface area. Nanoemulsions also known as submicron emulsions serve as vehicles for the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients as well as other bioactives. They are designed to address some of the problems associated with conventional drug delivery systems such as low bioavailability and noncompliance. The importance of design and development of emulsion nanocarrier systems aimed at controlling and/or improving required bioavailability levels of therapeutic agents cannot be overemphasized. Reducing droplet sizes to the nanoscale leads to some very interesting physical properties, such as optical transparency and unusual elastic behaviour. This review sheds light on the current state of nanoemulsions in the delivery of drugs and other bioactives. The morphology, formulation, characteristics and characterization of nanoemulsions were also addressed.

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Current State of Nanoemulsions in Drug Delivery

Ultrasound-mediated blood–brain barrier disruption for targeted drug delivery in the central nervous system

Intranasal drug delivery: an efficient and non-invasive route for systemic administration: focus on opioids.

Exosomes are emerging as effective therapeutic tools for various pathologies These extracellular vesicles can bypass biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, and can serve as powerful drug and gene therapy transporters However, the progress of therapy development is impeded by several challenges, including insufficient data on exosome trafficking and biodistribution and the difficulty to image deep brain structures in vivo Herein, we established a method for noninvasive in vivo neuroimaging and tracking of exosomes, based on glucose-coated gold nanoparticle (GNP) labeling and computed tomography imaging Labeling of exosomes with the GNPs was achieved directly, as opposed to the typical and less efficient indirect labeling mode through parent cells On the mechanistic level, we found that the glucose-coated GNPs were uptaken into MSC-derived exosomes via an active, energy-dependent mechanism that is mediated by the glucose transporter GLUT-1 and involves endocytic proteins Next, we dete

In Vivo Neuroimaging of Exosomes Using Gold Nanoparticles

Over the last decade the interest in intranasal delivery as a non-invasive route for drug administration has been exponentially increased. Since the nasal mucosa offers numerous benefits as a target issue for drug delivery, a wide variety of therapeutic compounds may be administered intranasally for topic, systemic and central nervous system action. The present paper reviews the relevant aspects of nasal anatomy, physiology and histology, and refers to the biological, physicochemical and pharmaceutical factors that must be considered during the process of discovery and development of nasal drugs as well as in their incorporation in appropriate nasal pharmaceutical formulations.

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Anaísa Pires

Papers

Intranasal Drug Delivery: How, Why and What for?