抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most sensitive method for the detection of low-abundance mRNA, often obtained from limited tissue samples. However, it is a complex technique, there are substantial problems associated with its true sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity and, as a quantitative method, it suffers from the problems inherent in PCR. The recent introduction of fluorescence-based kinetic RT-PCR procedures significantly simplifies the process of producing reproducible quantification of mRNAs and promises to overcome these limitations. Nevertheless, their successful application depends on a clear understanding of the practical problems, and careful experimental design, application and validation remain essential for accurate quantitative measurements of transcription. This review discusses the technical aspects involved, contrasts conventional and kinetic RT-PCR methods for quantitating gene expression and compares the different kinetic RT-PCR systems. It illustrates the usefulness of these assays by demonstrating the significantly different levels of transcription between individuals of the housekeeping gene family, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH).

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Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays.

Publisher Summary The vibrational spectrum of a molecule is determined by its three-dimensional structure and its vibrational force field. An analysis of this (usually infrared (IR) and Raman) spectrum can therefore provide information on the structure and on intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. The more probing the analysis, the more detailed is the information that can be obtained. Detailed analyses of the vibrational spectra of macromolecules, however, have provided a deeper understanding of structure and interactions in these systems. An important advance in this direction for proteins came with the determination of the normal modes of vibration of the peptide group in N-methylacetamide, and the characterization of several specific amide vibrations in polypeptide systems. Extensive use has been made of spectra-structure correlations based on some of these amide modes, including attempts to determine secondary structure composition in proteins. Polypeptide molecules exhibit many more vibrational frequencies than the amide modes. Over the years, some normal-mode calculations have provided greater insight into the spectra of particular molecules. However, these have often been based on approximate structures or have employed limited force fields. These force fields can now serve as a basis for detailed analyses of spectral and structural questions in other polypeptide molecules. The aim of this chapter is to present these recent developments in the vibrational spectroscopy of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins.

Vibrational spectroscopy and conformation of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins.

Fully synthetic human combinatorial antibody libraries (HuCAL) based on modular consensus frameworks and CDRs randomized with trinucleotides.

Chem. Pharm. Bull.(オピニオン)

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/S0014-5793%2898%2900241-5

Substitution of Asn for Ser543 in the large fragment of Taq DNA polymerase increases the efficiency of synthesis of long DNA molecules.

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/0014-5793%2870%2980604-4

The rational use of mass spectrometry for amino acid sequence determination in peptides and extension of the possibilities of the method.

Benzimidazole nucleosides: antiviral and antitumour activities and methods of synthesis

A new method for the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide and its 5-substituted analogs has been developed. The substrate specificity of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from E. coli with respect to the synthesized bases has been studied.

A New Effective Method for the Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazole-3-carboxamide and Ribavirin Derivatives

Rapeseed proteins were processed by an enzyme complex isolated from king crab hepatopancreas in order to obtain a hydrolysate for use as fish fry feed. The amino acid composition of the obtained protein preparation was close to the amino acid composition of fishmeal traditionally used in the production of fish feed. SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and mass spectrometric analysis of the products of enzymatic hydrolysis of rapeseed proteins showed that the proteins were hydrolyzed to a high degree. The composition of the hydrolysates depended on the hydrolysis time and included free amino acids (27% of the total weight of the protein mix after 3 h of hydrolysis and 56% after 21 h of hydrolysis), short peptides (2 to 20 amino acid residues), and small amounts of protein fragments with a molecular weight of approximately 14 kDa, as shown by by SDS-PAG electrophoresis.

https://rd.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1134%2FS0003683817060102.pdf

Anatoly I. Miroshnikov

Papers

Substitution of Asn for Ser543 in the large fragment of Taq DNA polymerase increases the efficiency of synthesis of long DNA molecules.

The rational use of mass spectrometry for amino acid sequence determination in peptides and extension of the possibilities of the method.

Benzimidazole nucleosides: antiviral and antitumour activities and methods of synthesis

A New Effective Method for the Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazole-3-carboxamide and Ribavirin Derivatives

Plant protein hydrolysates as fish fry feed in aquaculture. Hydrolysis of rapeseed proteins by an enzyme complex from king crab hepatopancreas