http://www.marine.usf.edu/reefslab/documents/evol_ecol2007/Fabricius_terrest-runoff_2005.pdf

Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis

Enhancing the resilience of ecosystem services (ES) that underpin human well-being is critical for meeting current and future societal needs, and requires specific governance and management policies. Using the literature, we identify seven generic policy-relevant principles for enhancing the resilience of desired ES in the face of disturbance and ongoing change in social-ecological systems (SES). These principles are (P1) maintain diversity and redundancy, (P2) manage connectivity, (P3) manage slow variables and feedbacks, (P4) foster an understanding of SES as complex adaptive systems (CAS), (P5) encourage learning and experimentation, (P6) broaden participation, and (P7) promote polycentric governance systems. We briefly define each principle, review how and when it enhances the resilience of ES, and conclude with major research gaps. In practice, the principles often co-occur and are highly interdependent. Key future needs are to better understand these interdependencies and to operationalize and apply...

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836

Toward Principles for Enhancing the Resilience of Ecosystem Services

Corals of the world

https://mrnathanjbennett.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/bennett-dearden-2014-mpas-in-thailand-marine-policy.pdf

Why local people do not support conservation: Community perceptions of marine protected area livelihood impacts, governance and management in Thailand

https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1332&context=occ_facarticles

Environmental Impacts of Dredging and Other Sediment Disturbances on Corals: A Review

Monitoring by local community managers tightens the adaptive management cycle by linking management more closely with its evaluation, so management actions become more responsive to the field situation. Local community volunteers, usually fishers, managing coral reef protected areas in the Philippines used simple methods (e.g. snorkeling fish visual census) to periodically monitor and evaluate reef protection together with professional marine biologists. Except for estimates of hard coral, data collected by local volunteers were not significantly correlated with data collected by biologists (specifically abundance estimates of sand, major reef fish carnivores, and fish herbivores). Community-collected fish data generally have higher variance and show higher abundances than biologist-collected data. Nonetheless, though the data was less precise, the locally based monitoring identified or confirmed the need for management actions that were generic in nature (e.g. stronger enforcement, organizational strengthening, etc.). The locally based monitoring also encouraged cooperation among stakeholders and prompted a management response. Little time and financing is required after initial establishment and replication has been increasing. However, sustainability depends upon the communities’ perceived added-value of undertaking the monitoring and input from a paid and/or more committed local person (e.g. government) who occasionally conducts monitoring himself/herself and supervises the community monitoring. Management impact depends heavily upon good integration with active management interventions outside the monitoring effort per se

/pdf/monitoring-and-evaluation-of-reef-protected-areas-by-local-4ai1k24k5u.pdf

Monitoring and evaluation of reef protected areas by local fishers in the Philippines: tightening the adaptive management cycle

/pdf/damage-and-recovery-of-four-philippine-corals-from-short-1rnv7xlm7z.pdf

Damage and recovery of four Philippine corals from short-term sediment burial

https://environment.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/mpa_in_sea.pdf

Marine protected areas in Southeast Asia

Partial mortality or tissue necrosis was quantified in the massive scleractinian coral Porites at three sites in The Philippines (Bolinao, NW Luzon; Puerto Galera, Mindoro; and El Nido, N Palawan). Overall, 15 ± 1 (mean ± 1 standard error, 642 replicates) percent of colony area was dead, mean colony area was 1135 ± 127 cm 2 , and lesion density was 1.7 ± 0.1 dm ‐2 . Total live coral cover varied between 20 and 63% in belt transects, and Porites and Acropora cover were inversely correlated. ANOVA models incorporating effects of site, colony size, sedimentation rates, wave exposure and depth were highly significant but explained only a small proportion of the variation observed in lesion density and percent dead area (respectively 8 and 2%). Lesion density was found to vary significantly with site (contributed 29% to this explained variance), decrease with increasing colony area (33%), and increase with increasing sedimentation (23%) and wave exposure (14%). Colony size was significantly explained by the factor site (contributing 61% to the total 29% explained variance) and depth (34%), with the smallest colonies being observed in Bolinao and the largest in El Nido. Densities of lesions were highest in Bolinao, intermediate in Puerto Galera, and lowest in El Nido. This pattern is parallel to intensity of human reef exploitation and opposite to that in colony size, live coral cover and Acropora cover. Since only a small part of the observed variance in partial mortality estimators was explained by the ANOVAs, other factors not quantified here must have been more important (e.g. disease incidence, predation, human exploitation).

/pdf/partial-mortality-in-porites-corals-variation-among-qpdyyocr4z.pdf

Partial Mortality in Porites Corals: Variation among Philippine Reefs

/pdf/coral-reef-monitoring-for-management-56b21iou84.pdf

Andre J. Uychiaoco

Papers

Monitoring and evaluation of reef protected areas by local fishers in the Philippines: tightening the adaptive management cycle

Damage and recovery of four Philippine corals from short-term sediment burial

Marine protected areas in Southeast Asia

Partial Mortality in Porites Corals: Variation among Philippine Reefs

Coral Reef Monitoring for Management