Powertrain electrification continues to be a growing trend in vehicular applications. Electric powertrains have numerous advantages over traditional mechanical and hydraulic powertrains but there are still important challenges to overcome for long-term commercial success. This research presents a technological assessment of present and future developments of powertrain electrification in non-road mobile machinery (NRMM). The challenges and opportunities of NRMM electrification are described in detail. The trends and drivers related to technological development such as regulations, policies and market development are analyzed, and technology enablers are highlighted. Future scenarios are formulated based on the prevailing trends and drivers, development of key components, scientific literature and status of the non-road mobile machinery industry. Some recommendations are also given in relation to the development of hybrid and electric powertrains for NRMM. The key findings of this research indicate that the electrification of NRMM is slowly started and the progress is demonstrated by hybridization of some specific, successful mobile machines. In short-term, high component and technology development costs remain the main barrier for higher adoption of electric and hybrid powertrains. In the long-term scenario, many NRMM can operate autonomously and powertrain electrification has become mainstream technology.

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Overview of Powertrain Electrification and Future Scenarios for Non-Road Mobile Machinery

https://research.aalto.fi/files/31363036/ENG_Zhang_Et_al_The_effects_of_control_Automation_in_construction.pdf

The effects of control methods on energy efficiency and position tracking of an electro-hydraulic excavator equipped with zonal hydraulics

This paper presents a survey of recent advancements and upcoming trends in motion control technologies employed in designing multi-actuator hydraulic systems for mobile machineries. Hydraulic systems have been extensively used in mobile machineries due to their superior power density and robustness. However, motion control technologies of multi-actuator hydraulic systems have faced increasing challenges due to stringent emission regulations. In this study, an overview of the evolution of existing throttling control technologies is presented, including open-center and load sensing controls. Recent advancements in energy-saving hydraulic technologies, such as individual metering, displacement, and hybrid controls, are briefly summarized. The impact of energy-saving hydraulic technologies on dynamic performance and control solutions are also discussed. Then, the advanced operation methods of multi-actuator mobile machineries are reviewed, including coordinated and haptic controls. Finally, challenges and opportunities of advanced motion control technologies are presented by providing an overall consideration of energy efficiency, controllability, cost, reliability, and other aspects.

Motion control of multi-actuator hydraulic systems for mobile machineries: Recent advancements and future trends

Power control strategy and performance evaluation of a novel electro-hydraulic energy-saving system

An improved inverse Gaussian process with random effects and measurement errors for RUL prediction of hydraulic piston pump

Recent demands to reduce pollutant emissions and improve energy efficiency have driven the implementation of hybrid solutions in mobile machinery. This paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental analysis conducted on a hydraulic hybrid excavator (HHE). The machinery under study is a middle size excavator, whose standard version was modified with the introduction of an energy recovery system (ERS). The proposed ERS layout was designed to recover the potential energy of the boom, using a hydraulic accumulator as a storage device. The recovered energy is utilized through the pilot pump of the machinery which operates as a motor, thus reducing the torque required from the internal combustion engine (ICE). The analysis reported in this paper validates the HHE model by comparing numerical and experimental data in terms of hydraulic and mechanical variables and fuel consumption. The mathematical model shows its capability to reproduce the realistic operating conditions of the realized prototype, tested on the field. A detailed energy analysis comparison between the standard and the hybrid excavator models was carried out to evaluate the energy flows along the system, showing advantages, weaknesses and possibilities to further improve the machinery efficiency. Finally, the fuel consumption estimated by the model and that measured during the experiments are presented to highlight the fuel saving percentages. The HHE model is an important starting point for the development of other energy saving solutions.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/9/12/1002/pdf

Hydraulic Hybrid Excavator—Mathematical Model Validation and Energy Analysis

Energy saving solutions for a hydraulic excavator

Condition monitoring has been an active area of research in many industrial fields during the last decades, particularly in fluid power systems This paper presents a solution for the fault diagnosis of a variable displacement axial-piston pump, which is a critical component in many hydraulic systems The proposed methodology follows a data-driven approach including data acquisition and feature extraction and is based on the analysis of acceleration signals through the theory of cyclostationarity An experimental campaign was carried out on a laboratory test bench with the pump in the flawless state and in faulty states Different operating conditions were considered and each test was repeated several times in order to acquire a suitable population to verify data repeatability Results showed the capability of the proposed approach of detecting a typical fault related to worn slippers Future works will include tests in order to apply the approach to a wider set of faults and the development of a classifier for accurate fault identification

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/7/1874/pdf

Andrea Bedotti

Papers

Hydraulic Hybrid Excavator—Mathematical Model Validation and Energy Analysis

Energy saving solutions for a hydraulic excavator

A Methodology Based on Cyclostationary Analysis for Fault Detection of Hydraulic Axial Piston Pumps

Overall Efficiency Evaluation of a Hydraulic Pump With External Drainage Through Temperature Measurements

Modelling and energy comparison of system layouts for a hydraulic excavator