Handbook of driving simulation for engineering, medicine and psychology

Impedance is closely related to the internal physical and chemical processes of lithium-ion batteries. And the properties of the processes can be characterized and thus more detailed information be provided based on it. In the past decades, the impedance is frequently reported as a powerful tool used in the field of lithium-ion battery state estimation and diagnosis. This paper reviews more than 170 papers and organizes the related research according to three themes of impedance modeling, acquisition, and application under the premise of electric vehicle implementation. The strength and weaknesses of the research in each theme are discussed. Based on the research, the possibility and the value of impedance in onboard battery management are revealed. However, challenges are still faced due to the cost limitations, the complex vehicular conditions, and the time-varying battery states. The unsolved issues are summarized in the conclusion. To realize a more smart battery management system with the impedance, more significant work is still needed.

A review of modeling, acquisition, and application of lithium-ion battery impedance for onboard battery management

Bending properties play a significant role in the forming of textile composites reinforcements, particularly in determining the shape of wrinkles. The physics related to the bending of fibrous reinforcements is specific. Bending is due to slippage between the fibers and since the fibers are quasi-inextensible, standard plate and shell theories are irrelevant. To measure bending characteristics, three experimental tests (and their variants) have been developed in the last decades, and efforts are currently devoted to extending and improving these tests. From their results, simulations can be performed by introducing a flexural energy related to the bending moment and the curvature. In particular, wrinkles during forming can be simulated. In the case of 3D modeling of thick reinforcements, the use of generalized continuum mechanics model is necessary because of the bending stiffness of each fiber and the slippage between fibers. In order to simulate textile reinforcements with shells, some shell approaches, different of the standard theories, can correctly calculate the rotations of textile reinforcement normals.

Bending and wrinkling of composite fiber preforms and prepregs. A review and new developments in the draping simulations

As a favorable energy storage component, lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery has been widely used in the battery energy storage systems (BESS) and electric vehicles (EV). Data driven methods estimate the battery state-of-health (SOH) with the features extracted from the measurement. However, excessive features may reduce the estimation accuracy and also increases the human labor in the lab. By proposing an optimization process with nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), this article is able to establish a more efficient SOH estimator with support vector regression (SVR) and the short-term features from the current pulse test. NSGA-II optimizes the entire process of establishing a SOH estimator considering both the measurement cost of the feature and the estimation accuracy. A series of nondominated solutions are obtained by solving the multiobjective optimization problem, which also provides more flexibility to establish the SOH estimator at various conditions. The degradation features in this article are the knee points at the transfer instants of the voltage in the short-term current pulse test, which is fairly convenient and easy to be obtained in real applications. The proposed method is validated on the measurement from two LiFePO4/C batteries aged with the mission profile providing the primary frequency regulation (PFR) service to the grid.

https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/331090316/Multi_objective_Optimization_of_Data_driven_Model_for_Lithium_ion_Battery_SOH_estimation_with_Short_term_Feature.pdf

Multiobjective Optimization of Data-Driven Model for Lithium-Ion Battery SOH Estimation With Short-Term Feature

In this work, a chain extender (CE) was added to polylactide (PLA) to improve its foamability. The steady and transient rheological properties of neat PLA and CE-treated PLA revealed that the introduction of the CE profoundly affected the melt viscosity and elasticity. The linear viscoelastic properties of CE-enriched PLA suggested that a long-chain branching (LCB) structure was formed from the reaction with the CE. LCB-PLA exhibited an increased viscosity, more shear sensitivity, and longer relaxation time in comparison with the linear PLA. The LCB structure was also found to affect the transient shear stress growth and elongational flow behavior. LCB-PLA exhibited a pronounced strain hardening, whereas no strain hardening was observed for the linear PLA. Batch foaming of the linear and LCB-PLAs was also examined at foaming temperatures of 130, 140, and 155 °C. The LCB structure significantly increased the integrity of the cells, cell density, and void fraction.

Rheological and foaming behavior of linear and branched polylactides

This paper presents a fast and effective approach to Li-ion battery performance modeling, particularly suited for automotive applications (i.e. HEV, PHEV, BEV). A second-order electrical equivalent circuit model made up by one voltage source, one series resistor and two series RC blocks (dual-polarization model), is here selected as the best trade-off solution for the task, addressing both acceptable levels of accuracy and complexity. While a lithium-iron-phosphate cylindrical battery cell is chosen for the purpose of the study, the presented procedure has broader validity and is mostly independent of Li-ion chemistry and/or cell format. The battery model is parametrized through a low time-consuming current pulse test, performed during both charging and discharging, at different state of charge levels. The temperature and load-current effects on the battery performance are not considered for simplicity and lightness of the presented model. Validation is carried out by comparing measured and simulated results during the dynamic current pulse test, showing a high level of agreement between the two.

/pdf/modeling-li-ion-batteries-for-automotive-application-a-trade-3z4okvgbmb.pdf

Modeling Li-ion batteries for automotive application: A trade-off between accuracy and complexity

Weight reduction and high mechanics performance are one of the challenges of the automotive industries future. A particular and interesting field is the application of carbon fibres in combination with structural foams. These allow to realize creative shapes for the car body but also strength and tough elements for the chassis, according to the necessity to combine style with design and engineering aspects. Nowadays, the problem of carbon fibre technology is the cost of production and the recyclability, so the major applications are in the racing field. One interesting application is the body of the prototype called IDRA, a low consumption vehicle which participated in the European Shell Eco-marathon. The chassis is a structural frame made with structural foam, the body is a part of the chassis and it is made of carbon fibre. The result is a well made car body integrated with all the sub-systems: steering, brakes, wheels, cockpit, electric wiring, controls, fuel cell, electric motor and transmission. The different design and production steps, from the concept phase and structural analysis made by means of finite element techniques to the production and the assembling of the monocoque, are discussed.

Carbon fiber monocoque for a hydrogen prototype for low consumption challenge

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is commonly used for the diagnosis of electrochemical energy accumulators, for example Li-Ion batteries in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. Measuring the impedance in a wide frequency range, it is possible to investigate on the modifications of the internal electrochemical cell process, evaluating its current state of life. EIS test consists of the excitation of the battery, or cell, with a defined current signal, and then measuring the cell voltage, the frequency response of the system is computed. The classical EIS test, based on the excitation with a frequency controlled sine wave in input, requires expensive instruments and long time test procedures; therefore it has many problems on the integration on the embedded systems. In this paper, a pseudo random square signal, which shows a simply hardware implementation, is used as excitation signal input on the cell for the impedance evaluation. The effectiveness of the method has been validated based on simulation test, in order to obtain good results in terms of impedance estimation accuracy, minimizing time duration and energy consumption.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Li-Ion battery on-board the Electric Vehicles based on Fast nonparametric identification method

The paper aim is to establish and optimise the prediction model of a thermoplastic fibre reinforced component designed and manufactured through an integrated injection moulding process (Hybrid Moulding). This is done by the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and then the process simulations, considering the composite material as an elastic anisotropic woven fabric to study the deformations undergone during the manufacturing process. The proposed methodology for creating the predictive model is fairly accurate, and it is a novel method which can be easily integrated and adapted into a components initial design phase. This optimisation technique can replace the expensive and traditional trial and error procedures during the design and prototyping phase, and it significantly decreases the time to build the final component. The final scope of the research is to simplify the product development phase of general lightweight automotive thermoplastic components by creating an innovative methodology for predictive modelling.

Andrea Giancarlo Airale

Papers

Modeling Li-ion batteries for automotive application: A trade-off between accuracy and complexity

Carbon fiber monocoque for a hydrogen prototype for low consumption challenge

Carbon fiber monocoque for a hydrogen prototype for low consumption challenge

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Li-Ion battery on-board the Electric Vehicles based on Fast nonparametric identification method

Process analysis for structural optimisation of thermoplastic composite component using the building block approach