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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties

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Biomechanics And Motor Control Of Human Movement

Basic biomechanical measurements of bone: a tutorial.

Recent advances in integrative studies of locomotion have revealed several general principles. Energy storage and exchange mechanisms discovered in walking and running bipeds apply to multilegged locomotion and even to flying and swimming. Nonpropulsive lateral forces can be sizable, but they may benefit stability, maneuverability, or other criteria that become apparent in natural environments. Locomotor control systems combine rapid mechanical preflexes with multimodal sensory feedback and feedforward commands. Muscles have a surprising variety of functions in locomotion, serving as motors, brakes, springs, and struts. Integrative approaches reveal not only how each component within a locomotor system operates but how they function as a collective whole.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/288/5463/100.full.pdf

How Animals Move: An Integrative View

Although cycling is often considered a seemingly simple, reciprocal task, muscles must adapt their function to satisfy changes in mechanical demands induced by higher crank torques and faster pedalling cadences. We examined if muscle function was sensitive to these changes in mechanical demands across a wide range of pedalling conditions. We collected experimental data of cycling where crank torque and pedalling cadence were independently varied from 13-44 Nm and 60-140 RPM. These data were used in conjunction with musculoskeletal simulations and a recently developed functional index-based approach to characterise the role of the human lower-limb muscles. We found that in muscles that generate most of the mechanical power and work during cycling, greater crank torque induced shifts towards greater muscle activation, greater positive muscle-tendon unit (MTU) work and a more motor-like function, particularly in the limb extensors. Conversely, with faster pedalling cadence, the same muscles exhibited a phase advance in muscle activity prior to crank top dead centre, which led to greater negative MTU power and work and shifted the muscles to contract with more spring-like behaviour. Our results illustrate the capacity for muscles to adapt their function to satisfy the mechanical demands of the task, even during highly constrained reciprocal tasks such as cycling. Understanding how muscles shift their contractile performance under varied mechanical and environmental demands may inform decisions on how to optimise pedalling performance and to design targeted cycling rehabilitation therapies for muscle-specific injuries or deficits.

/pdf/lower-limb-muscle-function-is-influenced-by-changing-1mqedwgakb.pdf

Lower-limb muscle function is influenced by changing mechanical demands in cycling.

Curriculum Vitae of Tyson Lee Hedrick

Tree-dwelling birds can land on perches that vary in size and texture. Force measurements and video-footage analysis now reveal that birds rely on rapid and robust adjustments of their toe pads and claws to land stably. Pacific parrotlets rapidly adjust their toes and claws to perch stably.

/pdf/getting-to-grips-with-how-birds-land-stably-on-complex-29jxtmv27r.pdf

Getting to grips with how birds land stably on complex surfaces

Hill-Type Model Predictions Versus Locomotor-Like Movements: Experimental Data Force From Cat Soleus Muscle During Imposed

Remote-sensing data for wild animals such as lions reveal that predators and prey optimize manoeuvrability rather than speed during the hunt. Remote-sensing data for wild animals such as lions reveal thatpredators and prey optimize manoeuvrability rather than speed duringthe hunt.

/pdf/evolutionary-race-as-predators-hunt-prey-51kv6s8mx1.pdf

Andrew A. Biewener

Papers

Lower-limb muscle function is influenced by changing mechanical demands in cycling.

Curriculum Vitae of Tyson Lee Hedrick

Getting to grips with how birds land stably on complex surfaces

Hill-Type Model Predictions Versus Locomotor-Like Movements: Experimental Data Force From Cat Soleus Muscle During Imposed

Evolutionary race as predators hunt prey