https://staff.blog.ui.ac.id/hsuryadi/files/2012/02/ROS_RNS.pdf

Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease

typically written from a biophysicist’s or a molecular plant physiologist’s point of view (Horton and Bowyer, Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis has become one of 1990; Krause and Weis, 1991; Govindjee, 1995). The aim the most powerful and widely used techniques avail- of this review is to provide a simple, practical guide to able to plant physiologists and ecophysiologists. This chlorophyll fluorescence for those beginners who are review aims to provide an introduction for the novice interested in applying the technique in both field and into the methodology and applications of chlorophyll laboratory situations. Whilst the principles behind the fluorescence. After a brief introduction into the theor- measurements will be discussed briefly, the emphasis will etical background of the technique, the methodology be on the applications and limitations of this technique and some of the technical pitfalls that can be encoun- in plant ecophysiology. tered are explained. A selection of examples is then used to illustrate the types of information that fluorescence can provide. The basis of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements

/pdf/chlorophyll-fluorescence-a-practical-guide-22dx8txaml.pdf

Chlorophyll fluorescence—a practical guide

Biological effects of essential oils - A review

Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer

Sustainability is a key principle in natural resource management, and it involves operational efficiency, minimisation of environmental impact and socio-economic considerations; all of which are interdependent. It has become increasingly obvious that continued reliance on fossil fuel energy resources is unsustainable, owing to both depleting world reserves and the green house gas emissions associated with their use. Therefore, there are vigorous research initiatives aimed at developing alternative renewable and potentially carbon neutral solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels as alternative energy resources. However, alternate energy resources akin to first generation biofuels derived from terrestrial crops such as sugarcane, sugar beet, maize and rapeseed place an enormous strain on world food markets, contribute to water shortages and precipitate the destruction of the world's forests. Second generation biofuels derived from lignocellulosic agriculture and forest residues and from non-food crop feedstocks address some of the above problems; however there is concern over competing land use or required land use changes. Therefore, based on current knowledge and technology projections, third generation biofuels specifically derived from microalgae are considered to be a technically viable alternative energy resource that is devoid of the major drawbacks associated with first and second generation biofuels. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms with simple growing requirements (light, sugars, CO 2 , N, P, and K) that can produce lipids, proteins and carbohydrates in large amounts over short periods of time. These products can be processed into both biofuels and valuable co-products. This study reviewed the technologies underpinning microalgae-to-biofuels systems, focusing on the biomass production, harvesting, conversion technologies, and the extraction of useful co-products. It also reviewed the synergistic coupling of microalgae propagation with carbon sequestration and wastewater treatment potential for mitigation of environmental impacts associated with energy conversion and utilisation. It was found that, whereas there are outstanding issues related to photosynthetic efficiencies and biomass output, microalgae-derived biofuels could progressively substitute a significant proportion of the fossil fuels required to meet the growing energy demand.

/pdf/biofuels-from-microalgae-a-review-of-technologies-for-1t1wwr5e69.pdf

Biofuels from microalgae—A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products

Antioxidant and Prooxidant Properties of Carotenoids

Carotenoid radical chemistry and antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties.

Preface. Color Plates. Part I: Biosynthetic Pathways and the Distribution of Carotenoids in Photosynthetic Organisms. 1. Carotenoids in Photosynthesis: An Historical Perspective Govindjee. 2. Carotenoid Synthesis and Function in Plants: Insights from Mutant Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana D. DellaPenna. 3. Carotenoids and Carotenogenesis in Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria S. Takaichi. Part II: Structure of Carotenoid-Chlorophyll Protein Complexes. 4. The Structure and Function of the LH2 Complex from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila Strain 10050, with Special Reference to the Bound Carotenoid R.J. Cogdell, et al. 5. Carotenoids as Components of the Light-harvesting Proteins of Eukaryotic Algae R.G. Hiller. 6. The Structure of Reaction Centers from Purple Bacteria G. Fritzsch, A. Kuglstatter. 7. Carotenoids and the Assembly of Light-Harvesting Complexes H. Paulsen. Part III: Electronic Structure, Stereochemistry, Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Radicals. 8. The Electronic States of Carotenoids R.L. Christensen. 9. Cis-Trans Carotenoids in Photosynthesis: Configurations, Excited-State Properties and Physiological Functions Y. Koyama, R. Fujii. 10. The Electronic Structure, Stereochemistry and Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Carotenoids B. Robert. 11. Electron Magnetic Resonance of Carotenoids A. Angerhofer. 12. Carotenoid Radicals and the Interaction of Carotenoids with Active Oxygen Species R. Edge, T.G. Truscott. 13. Incorporation of Carotenoids into ReactionCenter and Light-Harvesting Pigment-protein Complexes H.A. Frank. Part IV: Ecophysiology and the Xanthophyll Cycle. 14. Ecophysiology of the Xanthophyll Cycle B. Demmig-Adams, et al. 15. Regulation of the Structure and Function of the Light-Harvesting Complexes of Photosystem II by the Xanthophyll Cycle P. Horton, et al. 16. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Xanthophyll Cycle H.Y. Yamamoto, et al. 17. Relationships Between Antioxidant Metabolism and Carotenoids in the Regulation of Photosynthesis C.H. Foyer, J. Harbinson. Part V: Model Systems. 18. Novel and Biomimetic Functions of Carotenoids in Artificial Photosynthesis T.A. Moore, et al. 19. Physical Properties of Carotenoids in the Solid State H. Hashimoto. 20. Carotenoids in Membranes W.I. Gruszecki. Index.

The photochemistry of carotenoids

Control of the light-harvesting function of chloroplast membranes by aggregation of the LHCII chlorophyll-protein complex.

Carotenoids have two important roles in photosynthetic organisms. First, they act as accessory light-harvesting pigments, effectively extending the range of light absorbed by the photosynthetic apparatus. Secondly, they perform an essential photoprotective role by quenching triplet state chlorophyll molecules and scavenging singlet oxygen and other toxic oxygen species formed within the chloroplast. Only recently an additional, novel, protective role has been proposed for the carotenoid zeaxanthin, involving the dissipation of harmful excess excitation energy under stress conditions. Zeaxanthin may be formed through de novo synthesis in response to long-term environmental stress, and through the rapid enzymic de-epoxidation of the carotenoid violaxanthin (the xanthophyll cycle) in response to short-term alterations in the plant's light environment. Interspecific differences occur in the ability of plants and algae to produce zeaxanthin under stress conditions, and hence the ability to photoprotect the photosynthetic apparatus through this means varies from species to species. The ability of a plant to respond to light-mediated environmental stress by producing zeaxanthin may therefore affect, at least in part, the ability of that plant to inhabit or colonise certain habitats (e.g. sun or shade conditions).

Andrew J. Young

Papers

Antioxidant and Prooxidant Properties of Carotenoids

Carotenoid radical chemistry and antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties.

The photochemistry of carotenoids

Control of the light-harvesting function of chloroplast membranes by aggregation of the LHCII chlorophyll-protein complex.

The photoprotective role of carotenoids in higher plants