1. Place animal in induction chamber and anesthetize the mouse and ensure sedation. 2. Once the animal is sedated, move it to a nose cone for hair removal using cream. Only apply cream to the area of the chest that will be utilized for imaging. Once the hair is removed, wipe area with wet gauze to ensure all hair is removed. 3. Move the animal to the imaging platform and tape its paws to the ECG lead plates and insert rectal probe. Body temperature should be maintained at 36-37°C. During imaging, reduce anesthesia to maintain proper heart rate. If the animal shows signs of being awake, use a higher concentration of anesthetic.

人唾液天疱疮抗原的纯化

https://www.heartrhythmjournal.com/article/S1547-5271(14)00335-X/pdf

HRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Management of Arrhythmias Associated With Cardiac Sarcoidosis

http://dl.yums.ac.ir//bitstream/Hannan/196504/1/2016%20Vascular%20Surgery%20%28862%29.pdf

The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death.

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is a valuable tool for the evaluation of patients with, or at risk for, heart failure and has a growing impact on diagnosis, clinical management, and decision making. Through its ability to characterize the myocardium by using multiple different imaging parameters, it provides insight into the etiology of the underlying heart failure and its prognosis. CMR is widely accepted as the reference standard for quantifying chamber size and ejection fraction. Additionally, tissue characterization techniques such as late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and other quantitative parameters such as T1 mapping, both native and with measurement of extracellular volume fraction; T2 mapping; and T2* mapping have been validated against histological findings in a wide range of clinical scenarios. In particular, the pattern of LGE in the myocardium can help determine the underlying etiology of the heart failure. The presence and extent of LGE determine prognosis in many of the nonischemic cardiomyopathies. The use of CMR should increase as its utility in characterization and assessment of prognosis in cardiomyopathies is increasingly recognized.

Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

Cardiac involvement affects ≤40% of patients with sarcoidosis and accounts for ≤25% of deaths. The diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis is challenging using the existing screening tests and often relies on expensive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) and cardiac 18-fluorodeoxuyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-cPET). We developed a scoring system using common clinical tests to predict positive imaging findings using cMRI or FDG-cPET. A retrospective chart review of subjects undergoing cMRI or FDG-cPET was performed. The data were extracted and scored using a predetermined system. Our cohort was predominantly white, with a mean age of 55 years, and 60% were women. The scoring system was compared with the findings from cMRI and FDG-cPET to determine the ability to predict the imaging results that define cardiac sarcoidosis. The scoring system for the patients who had undergone both FDG-cPET and cMRI suggested predictability, but the differences were not statistically significant. However, the positive results from just 1 study were as predictive as having positive findings from both studies. A 1-point increase in the total score increased the probability of positive findings from cMRI or FDG-cPET by 14% (95% confidence interval 3% to 25% increase; p = 0.01). The scoring system seemed to be driven more by the findings from cMRI than by those from FDG-cPET. In patients who had undergone cMRI alone, for each 1-point increase in the total score, the probability of positive cMRI findings increased 11% (95% confidence interval 1% decrease to 25% increase, p = 0.08). All screening modalities were analyzed. No modality was sensitive or specific, although major findings (defined in our scoring system) were most predictive of positive imaging findings. In conclusion, commonly available cardiac screening tools used together in a composite score provide reasonable results to predict positive cardiac sarcoidosis findings on imaging, but the system needs refinement. Our data suggest that major findings from screening studies are more likely to correlate with cMRI findings than with findings from FDG-cPET.

Predictors of Cardiac Sarcoidosis Using Commonly Available Cardiac Studies

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of percutaneous patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure to improve systemic hypoxemia. Although PFO-mediated right-to-left shunt (RTLS) is associated with hypoxemia, the ability of percutaneous closure to ameliorate hypoxemia is unknown. Between 2004 and 2009, 97 patients who underwent PFO closure for systemic hypoxemia and dyspnea that was disproportionate to underlying lung disease were included for evaluation. All patients exhibited PFO-mediated RTLS as determined by agitated saline echocardiography. Procedural success was defined as implantation of a device without major complications and mild or no residual shunt at 6 months. Clinical success was defined as a composite of an improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, reduction of dyspnea symptoms, or decreased oxygen requirement. Procedural success was achieved in 96 of 97 (99%), and clinical success was achieved in 68 of 97 (70%). The presence of any moderate or severe interatrial shunt by agitated saline study (odds ratio [OR] = 4.7; p

Effectiveness of percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale for hypoxemia.

Introduction While cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) carries a risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), risk stratification of patients with CS and preserved left ventricular/right ventricular (LV/RV) systolic function remains challenging. We sought to evaluate the role of electrophysiologic testing and programmed electrical stimulation of the ventricle (EPS) in patients with suspected CS with preserved ventricular function. Methods One hundred twenty consecutive patients with biopsy-proven extracardiac sarcoidosis and preserved LV/RV systolic function underwent EPS. All patients had either probable CS defined by an abnormal cardiac positron emission tomography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, or possible CS with normal advanced imaging but abnormal echocardiogram (ECG), SAECG, Holter, or clinical factors. Patients were followed for 4.5 ± 2.6 years for SCD and VAs. Results Seven of 120 patients (6%) had inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT) with EPS and received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Three patients (43%) with positive EPS later had ICD therapies for VAs. Kaplan-Meier analysis stratified by EPS demonstrated a significant difference in freedom from VAs and SCD (P = 0.009), though this finding was driven entirely by patients within the cohort with probable CS (P = 0.018, n = 69). One patient with possible CS and negative EPS had unrecognized progression of the disease and unexplained death with evidence of CS at autopsy. Conclusions EPS is useful in the risk stratification of patients with probable CS with preserved LV and RV function. A positive EPS was associated with VAs. While a negative EPS appeared to confer low risk, close follow-up is needed as EPS cannot predict fatal VAs related to new cardiac involvement or disease progression.

Electrophysiologic testing for diagnostic evaluation and risk stratification in patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis with preserved left and right ventricular systolic function.

Mentoring: why it matters even after training.

We relate the case of a 40-year-old man with a history of premature birth and dextroposition of the heart who presented for an evaluation of persistent hypoxia. An unrevealing pulmonary evaluation and agitated-saline echocardiogram led to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. This revealed a very unusual finding: a persistent left superior vena cava with insertion into the left atrium and a small connecting vein between the right and left superior venae cavae. The implications, embryology, and pathogenesis of this rare condition are discussed.

Andrew M. Freeman

Papers

Predictors of Cardiac Sarcoidosis Using Commonly Available Cardiac Studies

Effectiveness of percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale for hypoxemia.

Electrophysiologic testing for diagnostic evaluation and risk stratification in patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis with preserved left and right ventricular systolic function.

Mentoring: why it matters even after training.

Hypoxia caused by persistent left superior vena cava connecting to the left atrium a rare clinical entity.