Classical Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out for liquid water in the NPT ensemble at 25 °C and 1 atm using six of the simpler intermolecular potential functions for the water dimer: Bernal–Fowler (BF), SPC, ST2, TIPS2, TIP3P, and TIP4P. Comparisons are made with experimental thermodynamic and structural data including the recent neutron diffraction results of Thiessen and Narten. The computed densities and potential energies are in reasonable accord with experiment except for the original BF model, which yields an 18% overestimate of the density and poor structural results. The TIPS2 and TIP4P potentials yield oxygen–oxygen partial structure functions in good agreement with the neutron diffraction results. The accord with the experimental OH and HH partial structure functions is poorer; however, the computed results for these functions are similar for all the potential functions. Consequently, the discrepancy may be due to the correction terms needed in processing the neutron data or to an effect uniformly neglected in the computations. Comparisons are also made for self‐diffusion coefficients obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. Overall, the SPC, ST2, TIPS2, and TIP4P models give reasonable structural and thermodynamic descriptions of liquid water and they should be useful in simulations of aqueous solutions. The simplicity of the SPC, TIPS2, and TIP4P functions is also attractive from a computational standpoint.

Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water

In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations the need often arises to maintain such parameters as temperature or pressure rather than energy and volume, or to impose gradients for studying transport properties in nonequilibrium MD A method is described to realize coupling to an external bath with constant temperature or pressure with adjustable time constants for the coupling The method is easily extendable to other variables and to gradients, and can be applied also to polyatomic molecules involving internal constraints The influence of coupling time constants on dynamical variables is evaluated A leap‐frog algorithm is presented for the general case involving constraints with coupling to both a constant temperature and a constant pressure bath

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Molecular dynamics with coupling to an external bath.

QUANTUM ESPRESSO is an integrated suite of computer codes for electronic-structure calculations and materials modeling, based on density-functional theory, plane waves, and pseudopotentials (norm-conserving, ultrasoft, and projector-augmented wave). The acronym ESPRESSO stands for opEn Source Package for Research in Electronic Structure, Simulation, and Optimization. It is freely available to researchers around the world under the terms of the GNU General Public License. QUANTUM ESPRESSO builds upon newly-restructured electronic-structure codes that have been developed and tested by some of the original authors of novel electronic-structure algorithms and applied in the last twenty years by some of the leading materials modeling groups worldwide. Innovation and efficiency are still its main focus, with special attention paid to massively parallel architectures, and a great effort being devoted to user friendliness. QUANTUM ESPRESSO is evolving towards a distribution of independent and interoperable codes in the spirit of an open-source project, where researchers active in the field of electronic-structure calculations are encouraged to participate in the project by contributing their own codes or by implementing their own ideas into existing codes.

/pdf/quantum-espresso-a-modular-and-open-source-software-project-4t6vlupbeh.pdf

QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials

http://www2.stat.duke.edu/~scs/Courses/Stat376/Papers/Constraints/Shake1977.pdf

Numerical Integration of the Cartesian Equations of Motion of a System with Constraints: Molecular Dynamics of n-Alkanes

The previously developed particle mesh Ewald method is reformulated in terms of efficient B‐spline interpolation of the structure factors This reformulation allows a natural extension of the method to potentials of the form 1/rp with p≥1 Furthermore, efficient calculation of the virial tensor follows Use of B‐splines in place of Lagrange interpolation leads to analytic gradients as well as a significant improvement in the accuracy We demonstrate that arbitrary accuracy can be achieved, independent of system size N, at a cost that scales as N log(N) For biomolecular systems with many thousands of atoms this method permits the use of Ewald summation at a computational cost comparable to that of a simple truncation method of 10 A or less

A smooth particle mesh Ewald method

The data generated by a molecular dynamics calculation on liquid water at 1 gm cm−3 and 10°C have been used to simulate a neutron inelastic scattering experiment on water. It is shown that already at κ ∼ 1 A −1 the function ω2Sinc (κ, ω)/κ 2 is a good replica of the spectrum of proton velocity autocorrelation. It is emphasized that the separation of Sinc (κ, ω) into quasielastic and inelastic parts or the use of a phonon expansion in analyzing the data are both invalid procedures.

Molecular dynamics calculation of neutron inelastic scattering from water

Hydrogen-bond patterns in liquid water

Determination of pair interactions from neutron inelastic scattering data

Molecular-dynamics (MD) computer-simulation studies are used to study close-packed structures found in solid-phase atomic systems interacting via a Morse potential (parametrized to model Ni). A graphical display of particle positions [a (112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) projection] within the parallelepiped forming the MD cell is illustrated. Such a graphic projection allows accurate, complete, and readily visual recognition of the stacking order of close-packed planes and is a much more effective way of identifying polytypes than a study of the pair-distribution function for the structure. These illustrations demonstrate the polytypic nature of previously and newly recognized MD close-packed structures. When assuming compatibility with periodic boundary conditions, as is conventional in MD, only certain polytypes are allowed for an MD simulation system. A discussion of compatibility between close-packed structures and the periodic boundary conditions is presented. The pair coordination numbers, geometrical structure-factor intensities, and potential-energy lattice sums are then calculated for some of these compatible structures. This paper concludes that, through careful consideration, a considerable variety of close-packed physical systems may be appropriately modeled with use of MD computer simulation. Conversely, proper interpretation of the data obtained during such studies may require awareness of the findings presented here.

Close-packed (polytypic) structures in molecular-dynamics simulations.

A Comment on the Letter by S. Williamson, G. Morou, J. C. M. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 2364 (1985).

Aneesur Rahman

Papers

Molecular dynamics calculation of neutron inelastic scattering from water

Hydrogen-bond patterns in liquid water

Determination of pair interactions from neutron inelastic scattering data

Close-packed (polytypic) structures in molecular-dynamics simulations.

Inelastic Electron-Phonon Scattering and Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Phase Transformation in Aluminum