DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors

Pediatric obesity results from a daily energy imbalance between intake and expenditure, an imbalance potentially as slight as ~30-50 kcal/day (e.g., a few extra sips of cola or bites of a cookie). That an 'energy gap' so small may be so powerful suggests the importance of understanding mechanisms of food intake self-regulation (FISR). This review focuses on 4 behavioral indices of FISR in childhood: (1) eating in the absence of hunger; (2) eating rate; (3) caloric compensation and satiety responsiveness, and (4) food responsiveness. Evidence from pediatric samples around the world indicates that these traits are associated with body mass index, are heritable, and are linked to polymorphisms in the FTO gene. We review these data, also discussing their relevance to practical issues of parental feeding styles, portion sizes, and health literacy and numeracy. Research gaps and opportunities for future investigation are discussed. Multidisciplinary approaches and study designs that can address gene-environment interactions are needed to advance the science of FISR and stimulate new avenues for childhood obesity prevention.

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Genetics of Food Intake Self-Regulation in Childhood: Literature Review and Research Opportunities

After decades of discovery, inherited variations have been identified in approximately 20 genes that affect about 80 medications and are actionable in the clinic. And some somatically acquired genetic variants direct the choice of 'targeted' anticancer drugs for individual patients. Current efforts that focus on the processes required to appropriately act on pharmacogenomic variability in the clinic are moving away from discovery and towards implementation of an evidenced-based strategy for improving the use of medications, thereby providing a cornerstone for precision medicine.

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Pharmacogenomics in the clinic

Unraveling the Mystery of Health

The abstract should provide a summary of the HiT in no more than 250 words The Box provides an example from the Philippines HiT, 2011 Philippines HiT abstract Consistent with its commitment to the Alma Ata in 1978, the Philippine Government adopted the Primary Health Care (PHC) approach in 1979 to achieve health for all Filipinos by year 2000 The promulgation of the Local Development Code (RA 7160) in 1991 was in line with the community participation ideals of PHC (1992-1999) as it devolved responsibility for health care was devolved to Local Government Units The Health Sector Reform Agenda was introduced in 2005 to address problems in health care delivery at local level brought about by the devolution proves Issues of poor accessibility, inequities and inefficiencies of the health system have been the target of health reforms over the last 30 years Hospital, public health, financing, local health system and regulatory reforms comprised the HSRA approach In 2005, the DOH streamlined the reform program to ensure access and availability of essential and basic health packages by reducing the four reform areas, namely: 1) designating providers of basic and essential health service package in strategic locations; 2) assuring the quality of both basic and specialized health services; and 3) intensifying the current efforts to reduce the public health threats brought about by endemic, vaccine-preventable and priority diseases Although studies have yet to be done on the impact of reforming health service delivery, implementation of strategies to improve the hospital services and public health programs have shown some positive gains However, huge disparities in health outcomes across income groups and geographic areas and challenges in ascertaining physical and financial access to health services as evidenced by high out-of-pocket expenditures, concentration of physical and human resources for health in urban areas and migration of health professionals still exist The focus of future developments in health should be towards providing universal health care for Filipinos, starting with improving access of the poor and vulnerable to health services Source: APO, Philippines HiT Vol 1 No 2 2011

https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/231516/HiT-Estonia.pdf

Health systems in transition.

Public health practice has to date concerned itself with environmental or social determinants of health and disease and has paid scant attention to genomic variations within the population. The advances brought about by genomics are changing these perceptions. In the long run, this knowledge will enable health promotion messages and disease prevention programmes to be specifically directed at susceptible individuals and families, or at subgroups of the population, based on their genomic risk profile. As the controversial discourse in science and health politics shows, the integration of genomics into public health research, policy and practice is one of the major challenges that our health-care system is currently facing.

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The impact of genetics and genomics on public health

Introduction: This article is part of a Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on Health Record Banking. Background: Healthcare is often ineffective and costs are steadily rising. This is in a large part due to the inaccessibility of medical and health data stored in multiple silos. Further -more, in most cases molecular differences between individuals that result in different susceptibilities to drugs and diseases as well as targeted interventions cannot be taken into account. Technological advances in genome sequencing and the interaction of ’omics’ data with environmental data on one hand and mobile health on the other, promise to generate the longitudinal health data that will form the basis for a more personalized, precision medicine. Objectives: For this new medicine to become a reality, however, millions of personal health data sets have to be aggregated. The value of such aggregated personal data has been recognized as a new asset class and many commercial entities are competing for this new asset (e.g. Google, Facebook, 23andMe, PatientsLikeMe). The primary source and beneficiary of personal health data is the individual. As a collective, society should be the beneficiary of both the eco -nomic and health value of these aggregated data and (health) information. Methods: We posit that empowering citi -zens by providing them with a platform to safely store, manage and share their health-related data will be a necessary element in the transformation towards a more effective and efficient precision medicine. Such health data platforms should be organized as co -operatives that are solely owned and controlled by their members and not by shareholders. Members determine which data they want to share for example with doctors or to contribute to research for the benefit of their health and that of society. Members will also decide how the revenues generated by granting third parties access to the anonymized data that they agreed to share, should be invested in research, information or education. Results: Currently no functional Health Data Cooperatives exist yet. The relative success of health data repositories such as 23andme and PatientsLikeMe indicates that citizens are willing to participate in research even if – and in contrast to the cooperative model – the commercial value of these data does not go back to the collective of users. Conclusions: In the Health Data Cooperative model, the citizens with their data would take the center stage in the healthcare system and society would benefit from the health-related and financial benefits that aggregation of these data brings.

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Health Data Cooperatives – Citizen Empowerment

The future of technologies for personalised medicine

Background: Personalised medicine (PM) is an innovative way to produce better patient outcomes by using an individualised or stratified approach to disease and treatment rather than a collective treatment approach for patients. Despite its tangible advantages, the complex process to translate PM into the member states and European healthcare systems has delayed its uptake. The aim of this study is to identify relevant barriers represented by an index to summarise challenging areas for the implementation of PM in Europe. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, and a gaps-and-needs assessment together with a strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-and-threats analysis were applied to review strategic reports and conduct interviews with key stakeholders. Furthermore, surveys were sent out to representatives of stakeholder groups. The index was constructed based on the priorisation of relevant factors by stakeholders. Results: A need for stakeholder-agreed standards at all levels of implementation of PM exists, from validating biomarkers to definitions of ‘informed consent'. The barriers to implement PM are identified in 7 areas, namely, stakeholder involvement, standardisation, interoperable infrastructure, European-level policy making, funding, data and research, and healthcare systems. Conclusions: Challenges in the above-mentioned areas can and must be successfully tackled if we are to create a healthier Europe through PM. In order to create an environment in which PM can thrive for the patients' best outcomes, there is an urgent need for systematic actions to remove as many barriers as possible.

An Index of Barriers for the Implementation of Personalised Medicine and Pharmacogenomics in Europe

So far health literacy has not been sufficiently discussed in the context of public health genomics. Primarily, not genomic but rather genome-based health information needs to be addressed taking into account genome-environment interactions and integrating all health determinants including genomics into a systemic and holistic approach. Translating findings from epigenomics and systems biomedicine will help to understand that individual biological pathways or networks are permanently interacting with environmental networks such as social networks. Thus, in the end also health literacy will become personalized. Genome-based health literacy is challenged by the question of which information is relevant for the individual, for what purpose, and at what time during the lifespan. Public health tools and expertise already in place can and should be used to tackle these huge challenges.

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Angela Brand

Papers

The impact of genetics and genomics on public health

Health Data Cooperatives – Citizen Empowerment

The future of technologies for personalised medicine

An Index of Barriers for the Implementation of Personalised Medicine and Pharmacogenomics in Europe

Genome-Based Health Literacy: A New Challenge for Public Health Genomics