OBJECTIVE: This study aims to propose a framework for measuring the degree of public health-sensitivity of patent legislation reformed after the World Trade Organization's TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement entered into force. METHODS: The methodology for establishing and testing the proposed framework involved three main steps:(1) a literature review on TRIPS flexibilities related to the protection of public health and provisions considered "TRIPS-plus"; (2) content validation through consensus techniques (an adaptation of Delphi method); and (3) an analysis of patent legislation from nineteen Latin American and Caribbean countries. FINDINGS: The results show that the framework detected relevant differences in countries' patent legislation, allowing for country comparisons. CONCLUSION: The framework's potential usefulness in monitoring patent legislation changes arises from its clear parameters for measuring patent legislation's degree of health sensitivity. Nevertheless, it can be improved by including indicators related to government and organized society initiatives that minimize free-trade agreements' negative effects on access to medicines.

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A proposal for measuring the degree of public health-sensitivity of patent legislation in the context of the WTO TRIPS Agreement

Objetivou-se descrever o desenvolvimento de etapas do estudo de avaliabilidade dos servicos farmaceuticos na Atencao Primaria a Saude do municipio do Rio de Janeiro Pesquisa documental, com entrevistas realizadas para identificar objetivos, metas e envolvidos nos servicos na atencao primaria Estes subsidiaram a construcao do Modelo Logico de intervencao que priorizou o desenvolvimento de atividades voltadas para o cuidado com o usuario e as comunidades, considerando duas celulas operacionais: gestao tecnica do medicamento e gestao do cuidado O estudo de avaliabilidade mostrou-se fundamental por possibilitar organizar a construcao do modelo do servico farmaceutico com base em seus pressupostos

/pdf/servicos-farmaceuticos-na-atencao-primaria-no-municipio-do-51okuwaopa.pdf

Serviços farmacêuticos na atenção primária no município do Rio de Janeiro: um estudo de avaliabilidade

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.colorado.edu/honr_theses Part of the Civic and Community Engagement Commons, Community-Based Research Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Other Sociology Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons

Queering Suicide: Complicated Discourses, Compiled Deviances, and Communal Directives Surrounding LGBTQIA+ Intentional Self-Initiated Death

Recently, there has been an increase in the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. The consumption of these medicines can be unsafe, as incorrect self-diagnosis or the ingestion of inappropriate doses can lead to side effects and the occurrence of adverse reactions and drug-drug interactions. A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out, targeting the entire Spanish population by using an online questionnaire. The results showed that 78.9% of the subjects had previously taken or were currently taking OTC drugs. This consumption decreased as the age of the subjects increased, with a prevalence of 36.4% of subjects aged ≥ 71 taking OTC drugs. Analgesics were the most consumed OTC drugs (49.1%) especially in women, youngsters with non-formal educational qualifications, and individuals of a low-medium socioeconomic level residing in urban areas. Measures should be implemented to optimize the safe use of OTC drugs in order to avoid the occurrence of secondary events associated with the lack of knowledge related to their the usage.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/11/5530/pdf

Consumption of over-the-Counter Drugs: Prevalence and Type of Drugs.

A criterion is a typical tool in the evaluation field that can be defined as a standard-dimension under which the object of an evaluation receives qualitative or quantitative judgments. During an evaluation, several rigorous methodological procedures are involved in development and application of suitable criteria to determine the value of the object being evaluated. This article presents a set of criteria to evaluate user satisfaction with HIV/Aids-related pharmaceutical delivery services. The criteria construction process involved consensus amongst different experts, from academia, NGOs, management, by means of the Delphi technique. This technique prescribes a series of formal steps towards a consensus of experts, based on pre-structured methodology and processes. The findings were systematically organized in a structure under which the resulting satisfaction criteria are hierarchically organized. Results suggest the importance of developing a methodological strategy in evaluation that involves participation of different actors and of enhancing knowledge on user satisfaction and pharmaceutical delivery services for HIV/Aids.

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[Building evaluation criteria: experts and user satisfaction with pharmaceutical delivery services for HIV/Aids].

Resumo Os autores analisam a Assistencia Farmaceutica (AF) e o acesso a medicamentos no Brasil na perspectiva do principio da integralidade nos 30 anos do SUS A partir da sua inclusao no movimento de reforma sanitaria, foram selecionados temas relevantes, incluindo a reorientacao da AF, a questao de recursos humanos, o conceito de medicamentos essenciais, o uso apropriado de medicamentos, o desenvolvimento tecnologico e a producao industrial e a regulacao etica Com fortes componentes regulatorios e tendo a politica nacional de medicamentos como eixo estruturante, as tres decadas do SUS sao confrontadas entre avancos e retrocessos, considerando a complexidade nacional, as mudancas politicas, economicas e sociais que impactaram politicas publicas e o acesso a medicamentos, tema que hoje mostra sua importância mesmo nas economias mais ricas do mundo, a partir de foros de discussao relacionados com Saude Global As conquistas ao longo do tempo sao destacadas, considerando a preocupacao decorrente do regime fiscal que compromete as areas sociais

/pdf/assistencia-farmaceutica-nos-30-anos-do-sus-na-perspectiva-4zerfft807.pdf

Assistência Farmacêutica nos 30 anos do SUS na perspectiva da integralidade

Resumo O uso racional de medicamentos (URM) e considerado um dos elementos-chave recomendados pela Organizacao Mundial de Saude (OMS) para as politicas de medicamentos. O crescimento excessivo no uso de medicamentos em muitos paises tem sido apontado como uma importante barreira para o alcance do URM e faz parte de um fenomeno denominado ´farmaceuticalizacao´ da sociedade. Desta forma, o presente artigo objetiva apresentar movimentos para racionalizar o uso do metilfenidato no Brasil e discutir os limites impostos tendo como referencia o conceito de farmaceuticalizacao da sociedade. Trata-se de estudo exploratorio, realizado por meio de narrativa da literatura cientifica. As controversias acerca dos usos do metilfenidato o torna um bom exemplo deste fenomeno podendo auxiliar na reflexao e na construcao de novos caminhos para os limites encontrados pelo conceito de uso racional de medicamentos.

/pdf/rational-use-of-medicines-pharmaceuticalization-and-uses-of-2d1dzpb9iv.pdf

Rational use of medicines, pharmaceuticalization and uses of methylphenidate

Brazil was the first developing country to provide people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWA) with comprehensive, universal, free access to antiretroviral medicines (ARV). Pharmaceutical services are considered a strategic action that has the goal of providing access to rational use of quality medicines while also promoting user satisfaction. User satisfaction is a complex concept, and evaluation models for pharmaceutical services for PLWA were not found in the literature. Therefore, an evaluation approach to help assess this issue had to be developed. This article seeks to describe a theoretical evaluation model of user satisfaction with the dispensing of ARV, developed as part of an Evaluability Assessment (EA). It presents a brief review of the EA and user satisfaction and describes the development of models created during the EA. The lessons learned in the process are presented as a conclusion.

/pdf/logic-models-from-an-evaluability-assessment-of-1o204cuvjo.pdf

Logic models from an evaluability assessment of pharmaceutical services for people living with HIV/AIDS

Resumo O consumo do metilfenidato vem atingindo niveis elevados no Brasil. Alem do aumento significativo do diagnostico de TDAH, transtorno cujo tratamento e realizado com metilfenidato, ha indicios que este incremento se deu pela automedicacao. Sabe-se que informacoes da internet, mais especificamente do Facebook, exercem forte influencia em padroes de uso, apontando importantes desdobramentos do processo de farmaceuticalizacao da sociedade. Os objetivos deste artigo sao introduzir a metodologia de pesquisa digital, mais especificamente, a aplicacao de softwares de extracao de dados de redes sociais (Facebook), e por meio dela mapear as informacoes sobre o uso deste medicamento nessas redes. O conteudo, de acesso publico, foi analisado e categorizado mediante ancoragem da literatura sobre o tema da farmaceuticalizacao. O mapeamento permitiu observar que o Facebook oferece importantes espacos virtuais para a circulacao de informacoes, com um alcance de aproximadamente 600.000 pessoas. Os espacos representam foruns de discussoes onde as principais controversias sobre os usos do metilfenidato sao colocadas: diagnostico, identidade TDAH, resistencia ao uso do medicamento, aquisicao. Considerando os principais pontos suscitados por este mapeamento, e possivel afirmar que, no caso do consumo do metilfenidato, seu uso apresenta aspectos da farmaceuticalizacao da vida cotidiana.

/pdf/mapeando-espacos-virtuais-de-informacao-sobre-tda-h-e-usos-5755cxq4dh.pdf

Angela Esher

Papers

Assistência Farmacêutica nos 30 anos do SUS na perspectiva da integralidade

Rational use of medicines, pharmaceuticalization and uses of methylphenidate

Logic models from an evaluability assessment of pharmaceutical services for people living with HIV/AIDS

Mapeando espaços virtuais de informação sobre TDA/H e usos do metilfenidato

Acceso a medicamentos: derecho fundamental, papel del estado