Global climate change and associated adverse abiotic stress conditions, such as drought, salinity, heavy metals, waterlogging, extreme temperatures, oxygen deprivation, etc., greatly influence plant growth and development, ultimately affecting crop yield and quality, as well as agricultural sustainability in general. Plant cells produce oxygen radicals and their derivatives, so-called reactive oxygen species (ROS), during various processes associated with abiotic stress. Moreover, the generation of ROS is a fundamental process in higher plants and employs to transmit cellular signaling information in response to the changing environmental conditions. One of the most crucial consequences of abiotic stress is the disturbance of the equilibrium between the generation of ROS and antioxidant defense systems triggering the excessive accumulation of ROS and inducing oxidative stress in plants. Notably, the equilibrium between the detoxification and generation of ROS is maintained by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems under harsh environmental stresses. Although this field of research has attracted massive interest, it largely remains unexplored, and our understanding of ROS signaling remains poorly understood. In this review, we have documented the recent advancement illustrating the harmful effects of ROS, antioxidant defense system involved in ROS detoxification under different abiotic stresses, and molecular cross-talk with other important signal molecules such as reactive nitrogen, sulfur, and carbonyl species. In addition, state-of-the-art molecular approaches of ROS-mediated improvement in plant antioxidant defense during the acclimation process against abiotic stresses have also been discussed.

Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Defense in Plants under Abiotic Stress: Revisiting the Crucial Role of a Universal Defense Regulator

IT may occasion some surprise to those men of science who are ill-acquainted with India, and who so frequently express the view that Governments are unappreciative of the importance of science to learn that as far back as 1886 the Government of India arranged for Dr. George (later Sir George) Watt, professor of botany in the Presidency College, Calcutta, to prepare a "Dictionary of the Economic Products of India". The six volumes of this standard work were published during the years 1889-99. In 1908 Sir George Watt published a condensed version, "The Commercial Products of India". Whatever the defects of these 'dictionaries', they have been of inestimable value to all interested in Indian natural products. The Wealth of India A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. Raw Materials, Vol. 1. Pp. xxvii+254+39 plates. 15 rupees ; 24s. Industrial Products, Part 1. Pp. xii+182+8 plates. 8 rupees ; 12s. (New Delhi : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948.)

The Wealth of India

https://biology.kmu.edu.tw/images/teacher/hans/KuDaWoLeSh2015_Microalgae_A_promising_too.pdf

Microalgae - a promising tool for heavy metal remediation.

PREFACE REPETITIVE DNA: AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF VARIATION IN EUKARYOTIC GENOMES Categories of DNA Sequence Mutations Tandem-Repetitive DNA: The Biology of Mini- and Microsatellites Minisatellites Microsatellites Transposable Elements Class I Transposons Class II Transposons Unclassified Transposons Transposons and Genome Evolution Transposons as Molecular Markers DETECTING DNA VARIATION BY MOLECULAR MARKERS Properties of Molecular Markers Traditional Marker Systems Protein Markers and Allozymes DNA Sequencing Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis The PCR Generation: Molecular Markers Based on In Vitro DNA Amplification Principle of the PCR Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences PCR with Arbitrary Primers: RAPD and Its Variants Microsatellites Inter-Repeat PCR DNA Profiling of Genic Regions: Resistance Gene Analog Polymorphism, Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism, and Target Region Amplification Polymorphism Hybridization of Microsatellites to RAPD and MP-PCR Products AFLP Analysis and Its Variants Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis and Related Techniques Miscellaneous Techniques LABORATORY EQUIPMENT METHODOLOGY Safety Precautions Isolation, Purification, and Quantitation of Plant DNA Collection and Preservation of Plant Tissue in the Field Plant DNA Extraction: General Considerations CTAB Protocol I CTAB Protocol II SDS-Potassium Acetate Protocol DNA Preparation via Nuclei Quantitation of DNA Basic Molecular Techniques Restriction of DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Sequencing Agarose Gel Electrophoresis PAA Gel Electrophoresis Detection of DNA in Gels Gel Drying Southern Blotting Generation of Radiolabeled Probes, Primers, and PCR Products Blot Hybridization Signal Detection PCR with Arbitrary Primers Standard RAPD Protocol Influence of Reaction Conditions and Components Modifications Microsatellite-Primed PCR Standard Protocol of Microsatellite-Primed PCR Influence of Reaction Conditions and Components Modifications PCR and Hybridization: Combinatory Techniques Assessing the Genomic Copy Number of PCR Amplicons Testing the Homology of Comigrating Bands Random Amplified Polymorphic Microsatellites Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Standard AFLP Protocol Using Radioisotopes AFLP Protocol Using Fluorescence-Labeled Primers Selective Amplification of Microsatellite Polymorphic Loci and Microsatellite AFLP Protocols Technical Aspects and Modifications Robustness and Reproducibility Generation and Analysis of Microsatellite Markers Microsatellite Analysis Using Radioisotopes Microsatellite Analysis Using Fluorochromes Technical Aspects and Modifications Generating Microsatellite Markers Without Cloning Microsatellite Cloning CAPS Analysis of cpDNA and mtDNA Standard CAPS Protocol Choice of CAPS Primers EVALUATION OF MOLECULAR MARKER DATA Robustness and Reproducibility Reliability Band Homology Band Linkage and Neutrality Fragment Sizing and Matching General Precautions Equipment Multilocus vs. Single-Locus Approaches Multilocus Markers Single-Locus Markers and Polyploids Band Sharing and Genetic Distances Coefficients of Similarity Dissimilarity Coefficients and Genetic Distances Identity and Uniqueness Clonal Structure Ordination, Clustering, and Dendrograms Ordination Techniques Construction of Dendrograms Population Genetic Analysis Measures of Variation Genetic Differentiation between Populations Genetic Distances between Populations Inbreeding Coefficient and Mating Systems Estimation of Relatedness and Paternity Testing Migration and Hybridization Gene Flow, Isolation-by-Distance, and Spatial Structure Phylogeography and Nested Clade Analysis Statistical Testing of Hypotheses: Analytical and Computational Methods APPLICATIONS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING IN PLANT SCIENCES A Brief History of DNA Fingerprinting Minisatellite and Oligonucleotide DNA Probes Detect Genetic Variation PCR-Based Methods Enter the Stage Microsatellite DNA Analyses Yield Codominant Markers Universal Organellar DNA Primers Produce Uniparental Markers Genotype Identification Individual-Specific DNA Fingerprints Cultivar Identification In Vitro-Propagated Plant Material and Somaclonal Variation Sports and Other Mutants Genetic Diversity Variation and Relatedness among Cultivars Analysis of Population Genetic Diversity and Its Distribution Hybridization and Introgression Plant Conservation Germplasm Characterization and Preservation Plant Taxonomy and Systematics Taxonomic Relationships Revealed by Multilocus DNA Methods Microsatellite Markers in Taxonomic Studies Taxonomic Consequences from DNA Profiling Data Phylogeography Phylogeography Based on cpDNA Phylogeography Based on Nuclear Genes LINKAGE ANALYSIS AND GENETIC MAPS Generating High-Density Genetic Maps Selection of Parent Plants Mapping Population Linkage Analysis The Genetic Map Cytogenetic Maps Genetic vs. Physical Maps Synteny: The Comparative Analysis of Genomes Marker-Assisted Selection Molecular Markers and Positional Cloning WHICH MARKER FOR WHAT PURPOSE: A COMPARISON Morphological Characters and Allozymes vs. DNA Markers Different Kinds of DNA Markers Discriminatory Power Genetic Distances Within- and Among-Population Variation Gene Tagging and Genetic Linkage Mapping Costs Conclusions FUTURE PROSPECTS: SNIPS AND CHIPS FOR DNA AND RNA PROFILING Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms What Is a SNiP SNP Discovery DNA Microarrays Expression Profiling and Expression Markers APPENDIX 1: PLANT DNA ISOLATION PROTOCOLS APPENDIX 2: SUPPLIERS AND SELLERS OF REAGENTS AND EQUIPMENT APPENDIX 3: COMPUTER PROGRAMS DEALING WITH THE EVALUATION OF DNA SEQUENCE VARIATION AND MOLECULAR MARKER DATA APPENDIX 4: WEB PAGES OF INTEREST REFERENCES INDEX

DNA fingerprinting in plants: principles, methods, and applications

Moringa oleifera is an interesting plant for its use in bioactive compounds. In this manuscript, we review studies concerning the cultivation and production of moringa along with genetic diversity among different accessions and populations. Different methods of propagation, establishment and cultivation are discussed. Moringa oleifera shows diversity in many characters and extensive morphological variability, which may provide a resource for its improvement. Great genetic variability is present in the natural and cultivated accessions, but no collection of cultivated and wild accessions currently exists. A germplasm bank encompassing the genetic variability present in Moringa is needed to perform breeding programmes and develop elite varieties adapted to local conditions. Alimentary and medicinal uses of moringa are reviewed, alongside the production of biodiesel. Finally, being that the leaves are the most used part of the plant, their contents in terms of bioactive compounds and their pharmacological properties are discussed. Many studies conducted on cell lines and animals seem concordant in their support for these properties. However, there are still too few studies on humans to recommend Moringa leaves as medication in the prevention or treatment of diseases. Therefore, further studies on humans are recommended.

https://blog.baca-villa.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Moringa-Oleifera-Leaves-an-Overview.pdf

Cultivation, Genetic, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Leaves: An Overview

Characterization of native microalgal strains for their chromium bioaccumulation potential: Phytoplankton response in polluted habitats

SUMMARY2C-DNA values of 44 tropical hardwood species belonging to 20 families depict a range from 0.94 pg to 7.39 pg, an 8-fold difference. Likewise there is a 10-fold variation in per chromosome DNA values. The narrow range of variation as also the small genome size in tropical hardwoods have been discussed.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00087114.1986.10797792

Nuclear DNA Amounts in Some Tropical Hardwoods

Screening of native plants and algae growing on fly-ash affected areas near National Thermal Power Corporation, Tanda, Uttar Pradesh, India for accumulation of toxic heavy metals.

Artemisia, being the largest and widely distributed genus of the plant family Asteraceae encompasses more than 400 species. Some popular species are reported to possess several medicinal properties owing to the rich phytochemical diversity. Altogether, eight thirty-nine chemical constituents including volatile and non-volatile compounds in these species are listed together with their references. These have been categorized into phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenes, sterols, lignans, phenolics, fatty acids, fatty esters hydrocarbons and miscellaneous compounds, many of which are responsible for various biological activities such as analgesic, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, antinociceptive, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, hepato-protective, antiulcerogenic, anti-malarial, anti-leishmanial, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anticonvulsant, anti-promastigote, anti-convulsant, anxiolytic and anti-depressant. The traditional uses and recent advances in the field of phytochemistry of selected Artemisia species and their respective medicinal, insecticidal and nutritional properties, for the period up to 2017, are assessed and compiled in this paper. Meticulous phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Artemisia species and their sustainable conservation will yield reliable molecules of pharmacological importance, for better healthcare.

https://www.longdom.org/open-access/the-artemisia-genus-a-review-on-traditional-uses-phytochemical-constituents-pharmacological-properties-and-germplasm-conservation-2153-0637-1000142.pdf

Anil Kumar

Papers

Characterization of native microalgal strains for their chromium bioaccumulation potential: Phytoplankton response in polluted habitats

Nuclear DNA Amounts in Some Tropical Hardwoods

Screening of native plants and algae growing on fly-ash affected areas near National Thermal Power Corporation, Tanda, Uttar Pradesh, India for accumulation of toxic heavy metals.

The Artemisia Genus: A Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Constituents, Pharmacological Properties and Germplasm Conservation

Genus Psoralea: A review of the traditional and modern uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology.