The problem of distributing gas through a network of pipelines is formulated as a cost minimization subject to nonlinear flow-pressure relations, material balances, and pressure bounds. The solution method is based on piecewise linear approximations of the nonlinear flow-pressure relations. The approximated problem is solved by an extension of the Simplex method. The solution method is tested on real-world data and compared with alternative solution methods.

The gas transmission problem solved by an extension of the simplex algorithm

Clean and environment-friendly energy harvesting are of prime interest today as it is one of the key enablers in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as accelerates social progress and enhances living standards. India, the second-most populous nation with a population of 1.353 billion, is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels in the world which is responsible for global warming. An ever-increasing population is projected until 2050, and consequently, the energy demand in the upcoming decades will be co-accelerated by the rapid industrial growth. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) with the support of National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog is working to achieve the Indian Government's target of attaining 175 GW through renewable energy resources. Many Indian states are currently increasing their renewable energy capacity in an objective to meet future energy demand. The review paper discusses in-depth about the three Indian states, namely Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, which pioneers the renewable energy production in India. The global energy scenario was discussed in detail with Indian contrast. Further, the barriers to the development of renewable energy generation and policies of the Indian government are discussed in detail to promote renewable energy generation throughout India as well as globally since the challenges are similar for other nations. This study analyzed various prospects of the country in renewable energy which has been done in a purpose to help the scholars, researchers, and policymakers of the nation, as it gives an insight into the present renewable energy scenario of the country.

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A Comprehensive Review on Renewable Energy Development, Challenges, and Policies of Leading Indian States With an International Perspective

Abstract A heterogeneous magnesium oxide catalyst is a good alternative for homogeneous catalysts for the transesterification of alkyl esters for the production of fine-chemicals as well as for the production of biodiesel. The transesterification of ethyl acetate with methanol was used as a model reaction to simulate fine-chemical production in a batch slurry reactor at industrial conditions. The transesterification of triolein with methanol to methyl oleate was chosen to simulate continuous production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil. A kinetic model based on a three-step ‘Eley–Rideal’ type of mechanism in the liquid phase was used in both process simulations. The transesterification reaction occurs between methanol adsorbed on a magnesium oxide free basic site and ethyl acetate or the glyceride from the liquid phase. Methanol adsorption is assumed to be rate-determining in both processes. Activity coefficients were required to account for the significant non-ideality of the reaction mixture in the simulations of both processes. The simulations indicate that a production of 500 tonnes methyl acetate per year can be reached at ambient temperature in a batch reactor of 10 m 3 containing 5 kg of MgO catalyst, and that a continuous production of 100,000 tonnes of biodiesel per year can be achieved at 323 K in a continuous stirred reactor of 25 m 3 containing 5700 kg of MgO catalyst. Although various assumptions and simplifications were made in these explorative simulations the assumptions concerning the reaction kinetics used, the results indicate that for both processes a heterogeneous magnesium oxide catalyst shows promising potential as a viable industrial scale alternative.

Heterogeneously MgO-catalyzed transesterification for fine-chemical and biodiesel industrial production

Review on transesterification of non-edible sources for biodiesel production with a focus on economic aspects, fuel properties and by-product applications

Prediction of mechanical properties of green concrete incorporating waste foundry sand based on gene expression programming.

Condensers are extensively used in refrigeration, air-conditioning and power generation systems. Condenser for the solar assisted geothermal cooling system is designed by using software simulation of condenser’s geometrical and flow parameters. The geothermal cooling system is designed to reduce electricity consumption of compressor during peak hours during the summer period in hot weather condition. The subsurface temperature of the earth around 5–6-m depth is fairly constant throughout the year which fulfills the requirement of cooling inside the building or residence by using water as a heat exchanging medium. Water is circulated in closed loop system buried into subsurface which sinks the heat of refrigerant from condenser inside the subsurface soil. The condenser is designed by comparing results obtained from (1) manual calculation (2) simulation by CHEMCAD software. In order to have a good and optimized design, manual and software-based calculations should be carried out simultaneously and verified with each other. It is found that results obtained from both calculations are approximately same with a minor difference. The geometry and flow parameter of the condenser is determined on the basis of surrounding temperature. The solar panel is used for power generation to reduce electricity consumption by the compressor, pump, and evaporator fan coil. This provides the hybrid solar assisted geothermal cooling system.

Model design of condenser for solar assisted geothermal cooling system using software simulation

The world requires genuine endeavors for gradual introduction of sustainable power sources to satisfy the future energy needs. Renewable energy (RE) of enormous capacity exists at various geological locations but suffers from intermittent nature. In such situations, one RE can complement other and improve the system’s efficiency. This is an example of valorization where hybridization improves the quality of a commodity. It has been found out that hybrid of two or more technologies, alongside storage can improve framework efficiency. The hybrid energy sources follows up on the idea of circular economy where the circular progression of resource–product–recycled​ resources is planned for decreasing both the utilization of raw materials and waste generation. It has been found that despite the fact that such projects are expensive at the beginning; in long term they prove to be advantageous. The paper discusses about the hybrids done so far and through case studies and economic analysis. It also suggests which hybrid arrangements can assist each other. The present study examines the major problems associated with hybrid renewable energy and identifies the solutions. The paper comes up with a novel low cost hybrid solution of solar and geothermal which is implemented in the geothermal plant in Gujarat, India. It is discussed that the concept of hybrid renewable energy when put into a circular economy model, would give solutions that are affordable, practical and provides societal benefits.

Holistic review of hybrid renewable energy in circular economy for valorization and management

Selection of working fluid for low enthalpy heat source Organic Rankine Cycle in Dholera, Gujarat, India

Increasing demand of energy leads India to switch from fossil fuel to renewable energy sources. Geothermal energy is one such source of energy which is getting explored with time. Literature survey show that geothermal energy is nascent stage in India. Exploration of geothermal survey started long back but exploitation of the same is limited. However, with at the preliminary stage Geological Survey of India has found around 340 hot springs across India. These hot springs are categorised into five major classes based on their tectonic features. This paper reviews a complete review of the works carried out in India for geothermal energy by various organizations. It highlights the different geothermal potential zones in India. It also talks about the temperature conditions of these potential zones along with geochemistry. The government organisation like GSI, NGRI and MNRE are the leading bodies for exploration and exploitation of geothermal in India. The aim of this paper is to promote geothermal energy in India for societal benefits. The paper discusses about the local development and use of geothermal water in various regions of India. It also narrates that how the geothermal water can be used for balneology, power generation, space cooling and heating, crop drying, honey processing etc. for societal development.

Anirbid Sircar

Papers

Model design of condenser for solar assisted geothermal cooling system using software simulation

Holistic review of hybrid renewable energy in circular economy for valorization and management

Selection of working fluid for low enthalpy heat source Organic Rankine Cycle in Dholera, Gujarat, India

Geothermal energy provinces in India: A renewable heritage

Application of magnetotelluric (MT) study for the identification of shallow and deep aquifers in Dholera geothermal region