The problem of distributing gas through a network of pipelines is formulated as a cost minimization subject to nonlinear flow-pressure relations, material balances, and pressure bounds. The solution method is based on piecewise linear approximations of the nonlinear flow-pressure relations. The approximated problem is solved by an extension of the Simplex method. The solution method is tested on real-world data and compared with alternative solution methods.

The gas transmission problem solved by an extension of the simplex algorithm

Clean and environment-friendly energy harvesting are of prime interest today as it is one of the key enablers in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as accelerates social progress and enhances living standards. India, the second-most populous nation with a population of 1.353 billion, is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels in the world which is responsible for global warming. An ever-increasing population is projected until 2050, and consequently, the energy demand in the upcoming decades will be co-accelerated by the rapid industrial growth. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) with the support of National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog is working to achieve the Indian Government's target of attaining 175 GW through renewable energy resources. Many Indian states are currently increasing their renewable energy capacity in an objective to meet future energy demand. The review paper discusses in-depth about the three Indian states, namely Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, which pioneers the renewable energy production in India. The global energy scenario was discussed in detail with Indian contrast. Further, the barriers to the development of renewable energy generation and policies of the Indian government are discussed in detail to promote renewable energy generation throughout India as well as globally since the challenges are similar for other nations. This study analyzed various prospects of the country in renewable energy which has been done in a purpose to help the scholars, researchers, and policymakers of the nation, as it gives an insight into the present renewable energy scenario of the country.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-on-renewable-energy-development-1ec239x6fp.pdf

A Comprehensive Review on Renewable Energy Development, Challenges, and Policies of Leading Indian States With an International Perspective

Abstract A heterogeneous magnesium oxide catalyst is a good alternative for homogeneous catalysts for the transesterification of alkyl esters for the production of fine-chemicals as well as for the production of biodiesel. The transesterification of ethyl acetate with methanol was used as a model reaction to simulate fine-chemical production in a batch slurry reactor at industrial conditions. The transesterification of triolein with methanol to methyl oleate was chosen to simulate continuous production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil. A kinetic model based on a three-step ‘Eley–Rideal’ type of mechanism in the liquid phase was used in both process simulations. The transesterification reaction occurs between methanol adsorbed on a magnesium oxide free basic site and ethyl acetate or the glyceride from the liquid phase. Methanol adsorption is assumed to be rate-determining in both processes. Activity coefficients were required to account for the significant non-ideality of the reaction mixture in the simulations of both processes. The simulations indicate that a production of 500 tonnes methyl acetate per year can be reached at ambient temperature in a batch reactor of 10 m 3 containing 5 kg of MgO catalyst, and that a continuous production of 100,000 tonnes of biodiesel per year can be achieved at 323 K in a continuous stirred reactor of 25 m 3 containing 5700 kg of MgO catalyst. Although various assumptions and simplifications were made in these explorative simulations the assumptions concerning the reaction kinetics used, the results indicate that for both processes a heterogeneous magnesium oxide catalyst shows promising potential as a viable industrial scale alternative.

Heterogeneously MgO-catalyzed transesterification for fine-chemical and biodiesel industrial production

Review on transesterification of non-edible sources for biodiesel production with a focus on economic aspects, fuel properties and by-product applications

Prediction of mechanical properties of green concrete incorporating waste foundry sand based on gene expression programming.

Drilling is the most expensive exploration activity in which an experienced driller and a well-trained drilling crew follow sophisticated methods to maintain the integrity of a drilled well. In dri...

Sustainable drilling operations by utilizing waste biomass as a lost circulation additive

KF-Al2O3 nano-catalyst is prepared by a co-precipitation method and used in transesterification process. The process is assisted by ultrasonic irradiation to produce biodiesel from beef processing industrial sludge. The synthesized catalyst is characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. A maximum yield of 97% fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) is obtained under optimum conditions at 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio with a catalytic loading of 6 wt% at 60 °C in 180 min. The reusability results showed that prepared nano-catalyst can be recycled up to seven times with minor loss in efficiency. This was mainly due to the enhancement of surface area of the catalyst and the activity of ultrasonic wave. The fuel quality of the biodiesel is analyzed as per ASTM standard and results are found to be in line with ASTM D6751.

https://journals.library.ryerson.ca/index.php/ictea/article/download/1150/1248

Sono-Chemical Biodiesel Production From Beef Processing Industrial Sludge in The Presence of Nano-KF-Al2O3

Modeling reserves of geothermal reservoirs in Gujarat and Maharashtra in India are in nascent stage. Prognosis of reserve estimate for these shallow prospects is attempted for the first time. Genetic-based Monte Carlo Modeling was used to carry out the systematic investigation. Input parameters required for the model are area of the thermal reservoir, specific heat of the rock, specific heat of reservoir water and average annual surface temperature. Range of values for each parameter were collected using geophysical and logging surveys. Gravity and Magnetic surveys were utilized to have a range of values for prospect closure area, porosity logs were utilized for porosity ranges for reservoirs. Temperature probes were carried out in 19 locations, 17 in Gujarat and 2 in Maharashtra. Specific heat of water was collected from the reports of abandoned hydrocarbon wells. The distribution of values for each parameter was found to be triangular or log normal. The modeling algorithm then defined a relationship between input and output parameters. Genetic-based steps such as random population creation, encoding, crossover, mutations and decoding were performed to assign probability to likely outcome of reserve. The last step of the model involved analyzing the results of the calculation and providing a probability distribution function for each result. Heat capacities of places like Shirdi, Saputara and Harsani were found to be highly encouraging.

Genetic-based Monte Carlo Modeling of geothermal prospects: Indian examples

Wax deposition is one of the most expensive flow assurance issues encountered in crude oil production and transportation. It can lead to drastic production loss and ultimately heavy economic losses to E&P companies. Thus, precise prediction for field case is necessary to avoid this issue. Generally, two basic models, Film Mass Transfer (FMT) and Equilibrium Model (EM) are utilized to determine wax mass deposition in the crude oil pipelines. In this study, theoretical wax mass flux is computed based on these methods and compared with a field data point of wax mass deposited in 1.7 km long buried gathering line at Bakrol field, Gujarat, India. For a field flow rate of 100 m3/day in 4 in. pipe (ID = 3.765 in.), the fluid is in laminar flow regime. This contradicts the presumption that only turbulent flow condition prevails in the field. In addition to this, the analysis revealed that actual field wax mass flux for Bakrol field gathering line is close to the estimated value using FMT model and not EM. This agreement of the field data with laboratory flow loop data might be due to the closeness of field pipe ID (3.76 in.) with flow loop pipe ID (0.5 to 2 in.). Therefore, for Bakrol field, it is suggested to use FMT model for the calculation of wax mass flux rather than the EM model. However, previous researchers have reported predictions from FMT model also holds true for turbulent flow conditions in field case, which is in contradiction with the observation and explanation available in the literature for laboratory scale flow loop data. Thus, field data with larger diameter pipe and different waxy crude oils are required to make a robust conclusion. Introduction Crude oil with a high wax content can cause major problems during the production and transportation of crude in a pipeline (Singh et al. (2000)). Wax gets deposited mostly by molecular diffusion. Wax deposition occurs in almost every part of the production system including reservoir, wellbore, pipelines and surface facilities. Due to this blockage, the cost of oil production increases significantly (Singh et al. (2000)). This cost can be reduced if wax deposition in a pipeline can be accurately predicted (Lee (2008)). Generally, two theoretical models, FMT and EM, are utilized for prediction of wax deposition in crude oil pipeline (Karami (2011), Singh et al. (2011), Soedarmo et.al. (2017)). It is observed that for certain field cases the prediction from FMT is closer to the field data while it over predicts in other cases (Singh et al. (2011), Singh et al. (2014), Soedarmo et al.(2017)). Moreover, limited field data is available for making robust conclusion (Singh et al. (2011), Singh et al. (2014), Soedarmo et al. (2017)). A crude oil sample from 1.7 Km long

Anirbid Sircar

Papers

Sustainable drilling operations by utilizing waste biomass as a lost circulation additive

Sono-Chemical Biodiesel Production From Beef Processing Industrial Sludge in The Presence of Nano-KF-Al2O3

Genetic-based Monte Carlo Modeling of geothermal prospects: Indian examples

Characterization and Wax Mass Flux Analysis of Bakrol Field India Crude Oil

Emerging Technologies for Sustainable and Smart Energy