The biology and chemistry of antifungal agents: A review

The structure and function of the skin details the individual components of the epidermis, dermis, and their roles in normal skin health. The individual cell types in the epidermis, the different epidermal layers, and the roles of the keratinocyte are explained. The epidermis and dermis, and their important relation to each other through the dermoepidermal junction are described. The dermal adnexal structures of hair follicles (pilosebaceous units), sweat glands, and nerves are all considered. The functions of skin and barrier function are also listed. Rare but important causes of disordered sweating (hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis) are described. In addition, presentations of hyperhidrosis are discussed.

Structure and function of the skin

In the last decades, the discovery of metabolites from marine resources showing biological activity has increased significantly. Among marine resources, seaweed is a valuable source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. The cell walls of marine algae are rich in sulfated polysaccharides, including carrageenan in red algae, ulvan in green algae and fucoidan in brown algae. Sulfated polysaccharides have been increasingly studied over the years in the pharmaceutical field, given their potential usefulness in applications such as the design of drug delivery systems. The purpose of this review is to discuss potential applications of these polymers in drug delivery systems, with a focus on carrageenan, ulvan and fucoidan. General information regarding structure, extraction process and physicochemical properties is presented, along with a brief reference to reported biological activities. For each material, specific applications under the scope of drug delivery are described, addressing in privileged manner particulate carriers, as well as hydrogels and beads. A final section approaches the application of sulfated polysaccharides in targeted drug delivery, focusing with particular interest the capacity for macrophage targeting.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/14/3/42/pdf

Sulfated Seaweed Polysaccharides as Multifunctional Materials in Drug Delivery Applications.

Pharmaceutical Statistics: Practical and Clinical Applications

This review provides readers with an overview of the main synthetic methodologies for 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, and of their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities as reported over the past twelve years.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/17/9/10192/pdf

Synthetic Approaches and Pharmacological Activity of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles: A Review of the Literature from 2000–2012

Microwave assisted one pot synthesis of some novel 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles as antifungal agents.

The objective of present study was to develop a gastroretentive drug delivery system of propranolol hydrochloride. The biggest problem in oral drug delivery is low and erratic drug bioavailability. The ability of various polymers to retain the drug when used in different concentrations was investigated. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K4 M, HPMC E 15 LV, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC; Klucel HF), xanthan gum, and sodium alginate (Keltose) were evaluated for their gel-forming abilities. One of the disadvantages in using propranolol is extensive first pass metabolism of drug and only 25% reaches systemic circulation. The bioavailability of propranolol increases in presence of food. Also, the absorption of various drugs such as propranolol through P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter is low and erratic. The density of P-gp increases toward the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Therefore, it was decided to formulate floating tablet of propranolol so that it remains in the upper part of GIT for longer time. They were evaluated for physical properties, in vitro release as well as in vivo behavior. In preliminary trials, tablets formulated with HPC, sodium alginate, and HPMC E 15 LV failed to produce matrix of required strength, whereas formulation containing xanthan gum showed good drug retaining abilities but floating abilities were found to be poor. Finally, floating tablets were formulated with HPMC K4 M and HPC.

/pdf/formulation-and-evaluation-of-gastroretentive-drug-delivery-1t38zlw3ey.pdf

Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System of Propranolol Hydrochloride

Formulation and evaluation of extended-release solid dispersion of metformin hydrochloride.

Method describes an HPTLC method for the simultaneous determination of Telmisartan and Amlodipine Besylate from tablet dosage form. This employes a precoated silica gel 60 F254 (0.2 mm thickness) on aluminium sheets and a mobile phase Ethyl acetate: 1, 4 Dioxane: Methanol: 25% Ammonia in the ratio of 15:1.5:3:1.5 v/v, having chamber saturation for 30 min at room temperature. The developing chamber was run upto 8cm. The Rf values was found to be 0.16 and 0.33 for Telmisartan and Amlodipine respectively. The plate was scanned and quantified at 323nm. The linear detector response was observed between 100 μg/ml to 500 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml to 1000 μg/ml for Telmisartan and Amlodipine respectively. The method so developed was validated for its accuracy and precision. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.025, 0.0747μg/ml and 0.0236, 0.0714μg/ml, respectively for Telmisartan and Amlodipine. The recovery was carried out by standard addition method. The Average recovery was found to be 100.38% and 100.24% for Telmisartan and Amlodipine respectively.

/pdf/simultaneous-hptlc-estimation-of-telmisartan-and-amlodipine-4b36qkmb8o.pdf

Simultaneous HPTLC estimation of Telmisartan and Amlodipine Besylate in tablet dosage form

Diltiazem hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker generally indicated for the treatment of angina and hypertension, and it is extensively metabolized due to the hepatic metabolism. Formulation of diltiazem hydrochloride into an oro-dispersible dosage form can provide fast relief with higher bioavailability. The bitter taste of the drug should be masked to formulate it in a palatable form. In the present work, an attempt was made to mask the taste by complexation technique, with a formulation into an oro-dispersible dosage form, using superdisintegrants Doshion P544, crospovidone (CP) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG). The complexes of diltiazem hydrochloride with β-CD (1:1 molar ratio) were prepared by kneading, co-evaporation, co-grounding, freeze-drying and melting methods. Phase solubility showed stability constant 819.13M-1. Prepared inclusion complexes were evaluated for taste masking and characterized by I.R, XRD, DSC. Using the drug β-CD complex, oro-dispersible tablets were prepared and evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, thickness, disintegrating time (DT), dissolution rate and taste. Formulations with 4 % Doshion, 8 % CP and 4 % SSG showed DT of 0.54, 0.35 and 1.23 minutes, respectively.

/pdf/formulation-and-in-vitro-evaluation-of-taste-masked-oro-31ox1923kq.pdf

Aniruddha R. Chabukswar

Papers

Microwave assisted one pot synthesis of some novel 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles as antifungal agents.

Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System of Propranolol Hydrochloride

Formulation and evaluation of extended-release solid dispersion of metformin hydrochloride.

Simultaneous HPTLC estimation of Telmisartan and Amlodipine Besylate in tablet dosage form

Formulation and in vitro evaluation of taste-masked oro-dispersible dosage form of diltiazem hydrochloride