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Using Multivariate Statistics

Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of "sleep and memory" research by providing a historical perspective on concepts and a discussion of more recent key findings. Whereas initial theories posed a passive role for sleep enhancing memories by protecting them from interfering stimuli, current theories highlight an active role for sleep in which memories undergo a process of system consolidation during sleep. Whereas older research concentrated on the role of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, recent work has revealed the importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS) for memory consolidation and also enlightened some of the underlying electrophysiological, neurochemical, and genetic mechanisms, as well as developmental aspects in these processes. Specifically, newer findings characterize sleep as a brain state optimizing memory consolidation, in opposition to the waking brain being optimized for encoding of memories. Consolidation originates from reactivation of recently encoded neuronal memory representations, which occur during SWS and transform respective representations for integration into long-term memory. Ensuing REM sleep may stabilize transformed memories. While elaborated with respect to hippocampus-dependent memories, the concept of an active redistribution of memory representations from networks serving as temporary store into long-term stores might hold also for non-hippocampus-dependent memory, and even for nonneuronal, i.e., immunological memories, giving rise to the idea that the offline consolidation of memory during sleep represents a principle of long-term memory formation established in quite different physiological systems.

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/77770/1/physiol_rev_93.pdf

About sleep's role in memory

https://en.smrc-sa.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Sleep-Patterns-and-Predictors-of-College-Students.pdf

Sleep Patterns and Predictors of Disturbed Sleep in a Large Population of College Students

https://teensneedsleep.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/dewald-et-al-the-influence-of-sleep-quality-sleep-duration-and-sleepiness-on-school-performance-in-children-and-adolescents-a-meta-analytic-review.pdf

The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review

The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), initially a pool of 18 items, three reflecting each of the six core elements of addiction (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse), was constructed and administered to 423 students together with several other standardized self-report scales (Addictive Tendencies Scale, Online Sociability Scale, Facebook Attitude Scale, NEO-FFI, BIS/BAS scales, and Sleep questions). That item within each of the six addiction elements with the highest corrected item-total correlation was retained in the final scale. The factor structure of the scale was good (RMSEA = .046, CFI = .99) and coefficient alpha was .83. The 3-week test-retest reliability coefficient was .82. The scores converged with scores for other scales of Facebook activity. Also, they were positively related to Neuroticism and Extraversion, and negatively related to Conscientiousness. High scores on the new scale were associated with delayed bedtimes and rising times.

Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale.

This study describes the relationship of time in bed and quality of sleep with concentration and functioning at school. Neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms have been used as control variables. The sample consisted of 449 Dutch children in the seventh and eighth grades of elementary school. The age of the children varied between 9 y 5 mo and 14 y 5 mo. Seven schools participated in the research, with a total of 18 classes. The results indicated that 43% of the children had difficulty getting up in the morning. Furthermore, 15% of the children reported sleep problems and 25% did not feel rested at school. Time in bed and sleep quality show no relationship with concentration. Sleep quality, feeling rested at school and less distinct bedtimes were clearly related to school functioning. Another result was that children who had no difficulty getting up displayed more achievement motivation. Being open to the teacher's influence and achievement motivation depended mainly on sleep characteristics. Not getting bored at school, self-image as a pupil and control over aggressive behaviour were also influenced by gender, age, neuroticism and neurosomaticism.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00198.x

Time in bed, quality of sleep and school functioning of children.

Objective To examine the types and severity of psychopathology in children with epilepsy. Methods A series of meta-analyses were conducted to review 46 studies, including 2,434 children with epilepsy. Results Effect sizes were medium to large for comparisons with children from the general population, which indicates that children with epilepsy are at increased risk for psychopathology, including internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Comparisons with children with another chronic illness revealed small to medium effect sizes, indicating that psychopathology in children with epilepsy may partly be attributed to chronicity of the disease. Attention problems, thought problems, and social problems proved to be relatively specific to epilepsy. Comparisons with siblings suggested that psychopathology in children with epilepsy may be associated with family factors, especially where behavioral disorders appear to be more generic. Conclusions Clinicians should consider both neurological and psychosocial factors, including the family system, when treating psychopathology in children with epilepsy.

/pdf/psychopathology-in-children-with-epilepsy-a-meta-analysis-1ps0ved3vv.pdf

Psychopathology in Children with Epilepsy: A Meta-Analysis

https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/13833554/The_effects_of_light_therapy_on_sleep_problems.pdf

Anne Marie Meijer

Papers

The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review

Time in bed, quality of sleep and school functioning of children.

Psychopathology in Children with Epilepsy: A Meta-Analysis

The effects of light therapy on sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Relations between parenting and externalizing and internalizing problem behaviour in early adolescence: Child behaviour as moderator and predictor