羟氨苄青霉素引起大疱性类天疱疮样疹

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Automated Planning: Theory and Practice.

City logistics aims to reduce the nuisances associated to freight transportation in urban areas while supporting their economic and social development. The fundamental idea is to view individual stakeholders and decisions as components of an integrated logistics system. This implies the coordination of shippers, carriers, and movements as well as the consolidation of loads of several customers and carriers into the same environment-friendly vehicles. City logistics explicitly aims to optimize such advanced urban transportation systems. We focus on a challenging city logistics planning issue, the integrated short-term scheduling of operations and management of resources, for the general case involving a two-tiered distribution structure. We investigate the main issues related to the problem, introduce a new problem class, propose both a general model and formulations for the main system components, and identify promising solution avenues.

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Models for Evaluating and Planning City Logistics Systems

予防歯科プログラムの選考に関する Discrete Choice Analysis

While it is certainly too early to make a definitive assessment of the effectiveness of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), it is not to take stock of what has been achieved and to think about what could be achieved in the near future. In our opinion, ITS developments have been up to now largely hardware-driven and have led to the introduction of many sophisticated technologies in the transportation arena, while the development of the software component of ITS, models and decision-support systems in particular, is lagging behind. To reach the full potential of ITS, one must thus address the challenge of making the most intelligent usage possible of the hardware that is being deployed and the huge wealth of data it provides. We believe that transportation planning and management disciplines, operations research in particular, have a key role to play with respect to this challenge. The paper focuses on Freight ITS: Commercial Vehicle Operations and Advanced Fleet Management Systems, City Logistics, and electronic business. The paper reviews main issues, technological challenges, and achievements, and illustrates how the introduction of better operations research-based decision-support software could very significantly improve the ultimate performance of Freight ITS.

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Intelligent Freight Transportation Systems : Assessment and the Contribution of Operations Research

The paper deals with economic effects due to city logistics implementations. An analysis framework is proposed and the results of a survey, consisting of interviews with experts in city logistics, are presented. The survey was carried out to point out the level of benefits or costs expected by city logistics measure implementation. The results show that city users are expected to receive more benefits from environment-friendly vehicle measures, while transport and logistics operators can averagely obtain considerable benefits from demand management and public–private collaboration solutions.

Investigating the Effects of City Logistics Measures on the Economy of the City

This paper reviews the models proposed in the past two decades to forecast freight transport demand resulting from changes in infrastructures, services and regulation. A classification is proposed based on different scales of analysis (e.g. long-distance vs. short-distance freight transport), and on modeling approaches (e.g. aggregate vs. disaggregate). The first part of the paper focuses on the long-distance scale (i.e. national and international). In this context aggregate modeling efforts, using time series data, have either concentrated on the growth pattern for specific commodities or on the traditional "four-step" model, typically applied to passenger demand. These models address large-scale problems, but are unable to deal explicitly with the micro-mechanisms underlying demand, where a more disaggregate approach is needed. The second part of the paper deals with short-distance models and with the distribution of final products from wholesalers and restocking centers to retailers and end consumers. These models can be cast into two classes: those simulating level and spatial distribution of commodities traded within the study area (Origin-Destination matrices) and those simulating the delivery process with the ultimate goal of estimating commercial vehicle flows on the road network. In particular, the aggregate class of models can be further split based on reference unit (i.e. vehicle, quantity and delivery). Finally, the paper discusses the pros and cons of both types of models (i.e. long and short distance), and describes the research challenges in this area for the near future.

Freight Transport Modeling: Review and Future Challenges

The chapter discusses specific challenges and applications for modelling urban distribution. In fact, the analyses of urban freight transport traditionally focus only on restocking flows and usually neglect shopping flows. But the end-consumer choices in relation to type of purchasing undoubtedly impact on freight distribution flows and the end-consumer shopping choices depend on the commercial supply with respect to residence and on end-consumer behaviour, which in turn depends on some characteristics such as age, income, family dimension and lifestyle. Starting from literature, the paper reviews models for the urban freight movements, mapping the behaviour of the retailers and some aspects of the end consumers that generate freight movements in an urban context. Two macro-segments in the last miles of the freight supply chain are identified, with the retail outlet as final decoupling point: the segment upstream, between firms (push movements), and the segment downstream, between consumer and retailer (pull movements).

Urban freight models

In this paper, recently proposed models developed at urban scale to simulate freight demand are reviewed. Urban freight movements are than investigated in depth and an integrated modeling system to plan city logistics is presented.

Demand Models for City Logistics: A State of the Art and a Proposed Integrated System

Within the field of goods vehicles mobility, the paper points out the road safety that has impacts on both social and economic sustainability spheres. The contribution of goods vehicles is investigated and the results obtained for the larger European countries are discussed. The used methodology is statistic-descriptive, extracting from a large available database successive and more in-depth information. Starting from aggregated (at national level) data for accidents involving goods vehicles in urban area, the paper evidences the urban junctions as the main critical situation for accidents. One of the main findings is that urban goods vehicle accidents received little attention, but being an important segment of urban mobility, much remains to do for reaching the zero-accident EU goal by 2050 in this segment. The paper, in the context of European urban planning, finalises the analysis results, reviewing the main methods to assess road accidents, and linking mobility simulation and safety simulation models. The findings of this study can represent the base for developing successful city plan. In fact, paper provides some indications to researchers and city planners for identifying which are the main factors to be investigated and monitored for improving urban road safety.

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Antonio Comi

Papers

Investigating the Effects of City Logistics Measures on the Economy of the City

Freight Transport Modeling: Review and Future Challenges

Urban freight models

Demand Models for City Logistics: A State of the Art and a Proposed Integrated System

From the analysis of European accident data to safety assessment for planning: the role of good vehicles in urban area