Kenaf fiber reinforced composites: A review

The current concern for fat intake in western countries has raised the question of the individual fatty acid (FA) impact on health. This important issue has strengthened the awareness of nutritionists and food manufacturers for the control of the FA profile of food products. The aim of this review is to provide a classification of the FA profiles of 80 vegetable oil sources, according to their nutritional potential. The first part of the review focuses on lipoprotein metabolism, and on the impact of each dietary FA on blood lipid composition (LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and circulating triacylglycerols). In the second part of the review, the oil sources are clustered by similar FA profiles, and the classification is discussed with regard to the individual FA action on blood lipid composition. Apart from the major vegetable seeds, the clustering highlighted some interesting nutritional oil sources containing mainly α-linolenic acid (camelina, linseed, perilla and stock oils), or interesting amounts of the two essential FA (purslane, chia, raspberry seed, sea buckthorn seed and salicorn oils). Furthermore, this classification provides a useful tool for the formulation of the FA profile of food products.

Fatty acid profiles of 80 vegetable oils with regard to their nutritional potential

Natural fibers today are a popular choice for applications in composite manufacturing. Based on the sustainability benefits, biofibers such as plant fibers are replacing synthetic fibers in composites. These fibers are used to manufacture several biocomposites. The chemical composition and properties of each of the fibers changes, which demands the detailed comparison of these fibers. The reinforcement potential of natural fibers and their properties have been described in numerous papers. Today, high performance biocomposites are produced from several years of research. Plant fibers, particularly bast and leaf, find applications in automotive industries. While most of the other fibers are explored in lab scales they have not yet found large-scale commercial applications. It is necessary to also consider other fibers such as ones made from seed (coir) and animals (chicken feather) as they are secondary or made from waste products. Few plant fibers such as bast fibers are often reviewed briefly but other p...

A Review of Natural Fibers Used in Biocomposites: Plant, Animal and Regenerated Cellulose Fibers

Recent studies have clearly shown the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (as essential fatty acids) and their nutritional value for human health. In this review, various sources, nutritional properties, and metabolism routes of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are introduced. Since the conversion efficiency of linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (AA) and also α-linolenic acid (ALA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) is low in humans, looking for the numerous sources of AA, EPA and EPA fatty acids. The sources include aquatic (fish, crustaceans, and mollusks), animal sources (meat, egg, and milk), plant sources including 20 plants, most of which were weeds having a good amount of LC-PUFA, fruits, herbs, and seeds; cyanobacteria; and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and diatoms).

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fsn3.121

Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid sources and evaluation of their nutritional and functional properties

The physicochemical properties and chemical composition of oil extracted from five varieties of plant seeds (bittermelon, Kalahari melon, kenaf, pumpkin and roselle seeds) were examined by established methods. The thermal properties of extracted oils by differential scanning calorimetry were also evaluated. Sensorial profiles of these seed oils were defined through the CieLab ( L *, a *, b *) colour. Most of the quality indices and fatty acid compositions showed significant ( P 2 /100 g oil; saponification value, 171.0–190.7 mg of KOH/g of oil; acid value, 1.1–12.9 mg of KOH/g of oil, free fatty acid, 0.6–6.5 g/100 g of oil, and peroxide value 1.5–6.5 meq of O 2 /kg of oil. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids in all of the extracted seed oils except for bittermelon, where eleostearic acid was the major fatty acid. Gallic, protocatechuic, p -hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, p -coumaric and ferulic acids were identified in the extracted plant oils. Among these, vanillic acid was predominant in all extracted oils. The oils were rich in tocopherols with γ-tocopherol as the major components in all oil samples. Among the phytosterols, sitosterol was the major phytosterol extracted from the five plant seed oils. The seeds of these plants contain a great number of valuable minor compounds, which have a potential high value as food and for production of non-food products.

/pdf/physicochemical-properties-and-bioactive-compounds-of-xdpthdak5f.pdf

Physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of selected seed oils

https://zenodo.org/record/1258647/files/article.pdf

Chemical composition of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil

There is little information available about phytosterols in canola (Brassica napa L) oil and the effects of genotype and growing locations from Virginia and the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, a potential area for the establishment of domestic production to provide edible oil Our objectives were to characterize the phytosterols, phospholipids, unsaponifiable matter, and FA in oil from Virginia-grown canola Among 11 canola genotypes grown at two locations during 1995–1996 significant variations existed for oil content and FA profiles, but not for contents of phospholipids, unsaponifiable matter, total phytosterols, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol, Total phytosterol content in the oil of Virginia-grown canola varied from 07 to 09% with a mean of 08% This concentration compared favorably with oil from Canadian canola, which typically contains 05 to 11% total phytosterols The mean contents of brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, and Δ7-stigmatenol as percentages of total phytosterols in Virginia-grown canola were: 97, 320, 06, 493, 499, and 35%, respectively Growing location did not affect phytosterols in Virginia-grown canola oil but had significant effects on contents of phospholipids, and saturated (myristic, stearic, and arachidic) and unsaturated (palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic, and erucic) FA

Genotype and growing location effects on phytosterols in canola oil

This study was conducted to determine effects of genotypes and growing environment on phytosterols, triterpene alcohols, and phospholipids (PL) in lupin (Lupinus albus L.) oil from seven genotypes grown in Maine and Virginia. The unsaponifiable lipid (UNSAP) and phospholipid (PL) fractions ranged from 2.1 to 2.8% and from 2.6 to 2.8% of oil, respectively. UNSAP in lupin oil contained 19.9 to 28.7% sterols and 17.3 to 22.0% triterpene alcohols. Growing location significantly affected contents of total PL, PS, phosphatidylglycerol, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and β-amyrin. Genotypic effects were significant for stigmasterol. PC (32.6 to 46.3% of PL), PE (21.6 to 32% of PL), and PS (11.2 to 17.9% of PL) were the major PL in lupin oil. The concentration of PL classes in lupin oil were in the following descending order: PC>PE>PS>PI>phosphatidic acid > lysophosphatidylcholine > phosphatidylglycerol > diphosphatidylglycerol. In descending order of abundance, the sterols present in lupin oil were: β-sitosterol > campesterol > stigmasterol > Δ5-avenasterol > Δ7-stigmastenol Lupeol was the most prominent triterpene alcohol in lupin seed oil. In general, growing environment had a much greater influence on lupin oil characteristics than the genotypes.

Phytosterols, triterpene alcohols, and phospholipids in seed oil from white lupin

Currently, white lupin (Lupinus albus L) is gaining importance due to its high nitrogen fixation capability and potential in sustainable crop production systems Even though research conducted in Australia, Chile, Germany, New Zealand, and Portugal has indicated lupin's positive potential as human and animal food, such information from Virginia and adjoining areas of the United States is not available In addition, effects of growing environment and genotypes on lupin seed composition need to be characterized to evaluate lupin's potential as a food and feed crop Towards this end, seed of 12 lupin genotypes produced in Maine (USA) and Virginia (USA) were compared to determine genotypic and environmental effects on contents of protein, sugar, oil, various fatty acids, amino acids, and minerals The protein content of dry seed was not affected by growing environment However, growing environment had significant effects on contents of total sugar, amino acids, oil, fatty acids, and minerals Significant variation existed among 12 lupin genotypes for various traits when composition of seed produced in Virginia was evaluated The results indicated that site-specific evaluation of adapted lupin genotypes for chemical composition should be included in efforts to evaluate lupin's overall potential as a food or feed crop

Genotypic and environmental effects on lupin seed composition

http://directory.umm.ac.id/Data%20Elmu/jurnal/I/Industrial%20Crops%20and%20Products/Vol12.Issue1.Jun2000/406.pdf

Anwar A. Hamama

Papers

Chemical composition of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil

Genotype and growing location effects on phytosterols in canola oil

Phytosterols, triterpene alcohols, and phospholipids in seed oil from white lupin

Genotypic and environmental effects on lupin seed composition

Oil, erucic acid, and glucosinolate contents in winter hardy rapeseed germplasms.