抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Since the discovery of mechanically exfoliated graphene in 2004, research on ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has grown exponentially in the fields of condensed matter physics, material science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. Highlighting their compelling physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties, as well as their various potential applications, in this Review, we summarize the state-of-art progress on the ultrathin 2D nanomaterials with a particular emphasis on their recent advances. First, we introduce the unique advances on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials, followed by the description of their composition and crystal structures. The assortments of their synthetic methods are then summarized, including insights on their advantages and limitations, alongside some recommendations on suitable characterization techniques. We also discuss in detail the utilization of these ultrathin 2D nanomaterials for wide ranges of potential applications among the electronics/optoelectronics, electrocat...

Recent Advances in Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

Approaches, Derivatives and Applications Vasilios Georgakilas,† Michal Otyepka,‡ Athanasios B. Bourlinos,‡ Vimlesh Chandra, Namdong Kim, K. Christian Kemp, Pavel Hobza,‡,§,⊥ Radek Zboril,*,‡ and Kwang S. Kim* †Institute of Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece ‡Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo naḿ. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic

Functionalization of Graphene: Covalent and Non-Covalent Approaches, Derivatives and Applications

Graphene has attracted tremendous research interest in recent years, owing to its exceptional properties. The scaled-up and reliable production of graphene derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), offers a wide range of possibilities to synthesize graphene-based functional materials for various applications. This critical review presents and discusses the current development of graphene-based composites. After introduction of the synthesis methods for graphene and its derivatives as well as their properties, we focus on the description of various methods to synthesize graphene-based composites, especially those with functional polymers and inorganic nanostructures. Particular emphasis is placed on strategies for the optimization of composite properties. Lastly, the advantages of graphene-based composites in applications such as the Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, photovoltaic devices, photocatalysis, as well as Raman enhancement are described (279 references).

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Graphene-based composites

Graphene based materials: Past, present and future

In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide on A549 cells

[*] Prof. A. Cao, Z. Liu, Prof. M. Wu, Z. Ye, Z. Cai, Y. Chang, Prof. Y. Liu Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 (P. R. China) E-mail: ancao@shu.edu.cn Prof. S. Wang, S. Chu, Prof. Q. Gong State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics Peking University, Beijing, 100871 (P. R. China) E-mail: wangsf@pku.edu.cn Prof. Y. Liu Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University, Beijing, 100871 (P. R. China) E-mail: yliu@pku.edu.cn

A Facile One-step Method to Produce Graphene–CdS Quantum Dot Nanocomposites as Promising Optoelectronic Materials

Graphene oxide (GO) is a highly effective absorbent of methylene blue (MB) and can be used to remove MB from aqueous solution. A huge absorption capacity of 714 mg/g is observed. At initial MB concentrations lower than 250 mg/L, the removal efficiency is higher than 99% and the solution can be decolorized to nearly colorless. The removal process is fast and more efficient at lower temperatures and higher pH values. The increase of ionic strength and the presence of dissolved organic matter would further enhance the removal process when MB concentration is high. The results indicate that GO can be applied in treating industrial effluent and contaminated natural water. The implications to graphene-based environmental technologies are discussed.

/pdf/removal-of-methylene-blue-from-aqueous-solution-by-graphene-33qqf4qvp3.pdf

Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by graphene oxide.

Graphene oxide (GO) can be aggregated by Cu(2+) in aqueous solution with a huge Cu(2+) absorption capacity. The Cu(2+) causes GO sheets to be folded and also to form large aggregates that were characterized by confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The folding/aggregation is most likely triggered by the coordination between GO and Cu(2+). The equilibrium Cu(2+) concentrations and equilibrium absorption capacity of GO were measured to estimate the maximum absorption capacity of GO for Cu(2+) and the absorption model. GO has a huge absorption capacity for Cu(2+), which is around 10 times of that of active carbon. Representative results are presented and the implication to Cu(2+) removal is discussed.

Folding/aggregation of graphene oxide and its application in Cu2+ removal

New materials with good antibacterial activity and less toxicity to other species attract numerous research interest. Taking advantage of zinc oxide (ZnO) and graphene oxide (GO), the ZnO/GO composites were prepared by a facile one-pot reaction to achieve superior antibacterial properties without damaging other species. In the composites, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), with a size of about 4 nm, homogeneously anchored onto GO sheets. The typical bacterium Escherichia coli and HeLa cell were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of the ZnO/GO composites, respectively. The synergistic effects of GO and ZnO NPs led to the superior antibacterial activity of the composites. GO helped the dispersion of ZnO NPs, slowed the dissolution of ZnO, acted as the storage site for the dissolved zinc ions, and enabled the intimate contact of E. coli with ZnO NPs and zinc ions as well. The close contact enhanced the local zinc concentration pitting on the bacterial membrane and the permeability of the bact...

Aoneng Cao

Papers

In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide on A549 cells

A Facile One-step Method to Produce Graphene–CdS Quantum Dot Nanocomposites as Promising Optoelectronic Materials

Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by graphene oxide.

Folding/aggregation of graphene oxide and its application in Cu2+ removal

Superior Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide/Graphene Oxide Composites Originating from High Zinc Concentration Localized around Bacteria